Question 1

A readiness potential is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  localized electrical potential within the primary motor cortex that corresponds precisely to the intended movement. 
B)  broad wave of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex that precedes a voluntary movement. 
C)  graded depolarization of spinal motor neurons that makes it easier for them to reach threshold in response to sensory input. 
D)  electrical potential generated in the cerebellum in preparation for a voluntary movement. 
A)  localized electrical potential within the primary motor cortex that corresponds precisely to the intended movement. 
B)  broad wave of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex that precedes a voluntary movement. 
C)  graded depolarization of spinal motor neurons that makes it easier for them to reach threshold in response to sensory input. 
D)  electrical potential generated in the cerebellum in preparation for a voluntary movement.

Question 2

In rhythmic behavior such as human walking, each muscle contraction occurs in response to

Accepted Answer

A)  nerve action potentials originating in the CNS. 
B)  nerve action potentials originating in peripheral neurons. 
C)  stretch reflexes originating in the muscle. 
D)  spontaneous action potentials originating in muscle cells. 
A)  nerve action potentials originating in the CNS. 
B)  nerve action potentials originating in peripheral neurons. 
C)  stretch reflexes originating in the muscle. 
D)  spontaneous action potentials originating in muscle cells.

Question 3

When you step on a tack, excitation of sensory afferents leads to excitation of motor neurons innervating one set of muscles and inhibition of motor neurons innervating another set of muscles. The stimulus produces opposite responses in different motor neurons because

Accepted Answer

A)  motor neurons innervating different muscles have different receptors. 
B)  the afferent neuron releases different neurotransmitters at different synapses. 
C)  the sensory afferents transmit both excitatory and inhibitory action potentials that are sent to different motor neurons. 
D)  the signals reach some motor neurons via excitatory interneurons but they reach other motor neurons via inhibitory interneurons. 
A)  motor neurons innervating different muscles have different receptors. 
B)  the afferent neuron releases different neurotransmitters at different synapses. 
C)  the sensory afferents transmit both excitatory and inhibitory action potentials that are sent to different motor neurons. 
D)  the signals reach some motor neurons via excitatory interneurons but they reach other motor neurons via inhibitory interneurons.

Question 4

Output from the cerebellar cortex is sent by

Accepted Answer

A)  Purkinje cells. 
B)  Golgi cells. 
C)  granule cells. 
D)  stellate cells. 
A)  Purkinje cells. 
B)  Golgi cells. 
C)  granule cells. 
D)  stellate cells.

Question 5

How are central pattern generators and peripheral reflexes thought to interact in normal locomotion?

Accepted Answer

A)  Peripheral reflexes initiate locomotion, and central pattern generators maintain it. 
B)  Central pattern generators initiate locomotion, and peripheral reflexes maintain it. 
C)  Central pattern generators control locomotion with no input from peripheral reflexes. 
D)  Central pattern generators initiate and maintain locomotion, and reflexes correct and fine-tune motion. 
A)  Peripheral reflexes initiate locomotion, and central pattern generators maintain it. 
B)  Central pattern generators initiate locomotion, and peripheral reflexes maintain it. 
C)  Central pattern generators control locomotion with no input from peripheral reflexes. 
D)  Central pattern generators initiate and maintain locomotion, and reflexes correct and fine-tune motion.

Question 6

Contrast the mechanisms by which cellular oscillators and network oscillators generate patterns of rhythmic motion.

Accepted Answer

A cell that acts as a cellular oscillato

Question 7

Injections of L-dopa, the precursor of norepinephrine, can enable spinally transected cats to walk on a treadmill. The most likely explanation for this result is that

Accepted Answer

A)  norepinephrine stimulates spinal motor neurons, causing muscle contractions. 
B)  norepinephrine acts on the neuromuscular junctions of the limb muscles and causes muscle contractions. 
C)  norepinephrine activates sensory afferents that cause reflex muscle contractions in the limbs. 
D)  norepinephrine activates the central pattern generator that causes rhythmic stepping motions. 
A)  norepinephrine stimulates spinal motor neurons, causing muscle contractions. 
B)  norepinephrine acts on the neuromuscular junctions of the limb muscles and causes muscle contractions. 
C)  norepinephrine activates sensory afferents that cause reflex muscle contractions in the limbs. 
D)  norepinephrine activates the central pattern generator that causes rhythmic stepping motions.

Question 8

Refer to the figure shown.
  Joey is lying in bed motionless. Which neuron in this figure is tonically active?

Accepted Answer

A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  IV 
A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  IV

Question 9

Neuromodulators of the stomatogastric ganglion of a decapod crustacean would be least likely to have what action?

Accepted Answer

A)  Change the order in which the neurons of the pyloric circuit contract 
B)  Speed up the rhythm of contractions in the stomach 
C)  Slow down the rhythm of contractions in the stomach 
D)  Alter the strength of muscle contractions in the stomach 
A)  Change the order in which the neurons of the pyloric circuit contract 
B)  Speed up the rhythm of contractions in the stomach 
C)  Slow down the rhythm of contractions in the stomach 
D)  Alter the strength of muscle contractions in the stomach

Question 10

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which numeral in the figure represents the 1a afferent pathway?

Accepted Answer

A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  IV 
A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  IV

Question 11

The action potentials that directly trigger muscle contractions of walking movements in a vertebrate animal are initiated by neurons whose cell bodies are located in the

Accepted Answer

A)  motor cortex. 
B)  cerebellar cortex. 
C)  basal ganglia. 
D)  spinal cord. 
A)  motor cortex. 
B)  cerebellar cortex. 
C)  basal ganglia. 
D)  spinal cord.

Exam 19: Control of Movement

A readiness potential is a(n)

In rhythmic behavior such as human walking, each muscle contraction occurs in response to

When you step on a tack, excitation of sensory afferents leads to excitation of motor neurons innervating one set of muscles and inhibition of motor neurons innervating another set of muscles. The stimulus produces opposite responses in different motor neurons because

Output from the cerebellar cortex is sent by

How are central pattern generators and peripheral reflexes thought to interact in normal locomotion?

Contrast the mechanisms by which cellular oscillators and network oscillators generate patterns of rhythmic motion.

Injections of L-dopa, the precursor of norepinephrine, can enable spinally transected cats to walk on a treadmill. The most likely explanation for this result is that

Refer to the figure shown. Joey is lying in bed motionless. Which neuron in this figure is tonically active?

Neuromodulators of the stomatogastric ganglion of a decapod crustacean would be least likely to have what action?

Refer to the figure shown. Which numeral in the figure represents the 1a afferent pathway?

The action potentials that directly trigger muscle contractions of walking movements in a vertebrate animal are initiated by neurons whose cell bodies are located in the

Animals and Environments: Function on the Ecological Stage

Molecules and Cells in Animal Physiology

Genomics, Proteomics, and Related Approaches to Physiology

Physiological Development and Epigenetics

Transport of Solutes and Water

Nutrition, Feeding, and Digestion

Energy Metabolism

Aerobic and Anaerobic Forms of Metabolism

The Energetics of Aerobic Activity

Thermal Relations

Food, Energy, and Temperature at Work: The Lives of Mammals in Frigid Places

Neurons

Synapses

Sensory Processes

Nervous System Organization and Biological Clocks

Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Physiology

Reproduction

Integrating Systems at Work: Animal Navigation

Muscle

Movement and Muscle at Work: Plasticity in Response to Use and Disuse

Introduction to Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Physiology

External Respiration: the Physiology of Breathing

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Body Fluids With an Introduction to Acid- Base Physiology

Circulation

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Internal Transport at Work: Diving by Marine Mammals

Water and Salt Physiology: Introduction and Mechanisms

Kidneys and Excretion With Notes on Nitrogen Excretion

Water, Salts, and Excretion at Work: Mammals of Deserts and Dry Savannas

Water and Salt Physiology of Animals in Their Environments

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