Question 1

According to the peripheral control model of insect flight,

Accepted Answer

A)  sensory detection of wing depression stimulates motor neurons innervating the depressor muscles. 
B)  sensory detection of wing depression stimulates motor neurons innervating the levator muscles. 
C)  motor neurons stimulating the depressors also inhibit the levators. 
D)  sensory detection of wind causes the depressors to contract. 
A)  sensory detection of wing depression stimulates motor neurons innervating the depressor muscles. 
B)  sensory detection of wing depression stimulates motor neurons innervating the levator muscles. 
C)  motor neurons stimulating the depressors also inhibit the levators. 
D)  sensory detection of wind causes the depressors to contract.

Question 2

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which neuron in the figure is inhibitory?

Accepted Answer

A)  II 
B)  III 
C)  IV 
D)  All neurons are excitatory. 
A)  II 
B)  III 
C)  IV 
D)  All neurons are excitatory.

Question 3

The involvement of the cerebellum in motor learning is demonstrated by the observation that patients with cerebellar lesions are

Accepted Answer

A)  paralyzed on one side of their body. 
B)  paralyzed on both sides of their body. 
C)  capable of voluntary movements but are clumsy and uncoordinated. 
D)  capable of coordinated movement if they are helped with initiating the movement. 
A)  paralyzed on one side of their body. 
B)  paralyzed on both sides of their body. 
C)  capable of voluntary movements but are clumsy and uncoordinated. 
D)  capable of coordinated movement if they are helped with initiating the movement.

Question 4

The frontal cortex contains areas that are involved in

Accepted Answer

A)  receiving visual or auditory stimuli that might trigger a movement. 
B)  monitoring and correcting the accuracy of movement. 
C)  planning and organizing movement. 
D)  sending signals to muscle fibers. 
A)  receiving visual or auditory stimuli that might trigger a movement. 
B)  monitoring and correcting the accuracy of movement. 
C)  planning and organizing movement. 
D)  sending signals to muscle fibers.

Question 5

The muscle fibers in a muscle spindle

Accepted Answer

A)  are not true muscle fibers because they cannot contract. 
B)  function to maintain tension on spindle stretch receptors. 
C)  are recruited only during very high force contractions. 
D)  are recruited only during very low force contraction. 
A)  are not true muscle fibers because they cannot contract. 
B)  function to maintain tension on spindle stretch receptors. 
C)  are recruited only during very high force contractions. 
D)  are recruited only during very low force contraction.

Question 6

Refer to the figure shown.
  According to the figure, which numeral represents the sensory neuron?

Accepted Answer

A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  IV 
A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  IV

Question 7

Your family physician taps your left patellar tendon with a mallet. What is the correct sequence of the events that occur?
I. Inhibition of motor neuron innervating flexors
II. Action potentials in 1a sensory neuron
III. Muscle spindle stretch receptor activated
IV. Action potentials in neuron innervating flexors
V. Action potentials in neuron innervating extensors

Accepted Answer

A)  III → II → I and V simultaneously 
B)  II → III → IV 
C)  III → II → I → V 
D)  II → IV and V simultaneously → III 
A)  III → II → I and V simultaneously 
B)  II → III → IV 
C)  III → II → I → V 
D)  II → IV and V simultaneously → III

Question 8

Write a paragraph describing the mechanism that causes you to withdraw your right hand very rapidly when you reach out and touch a hot frying pan by mistake.

Accepted Answer

Painful stimuli activate flexion-reflex

Question 9

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which caption best describes the figure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Intrafusal fiber training 
B)  Response of intrafusal fibers to no load 
C)  Successful lengthening extrafusal fibers under load via coactivation 
D)  1a activated contraction of extrafusal fibers to lift heavy load 
A)  Intrafusal fiber training 
B)  Response of intrafusal fibers to no load 
C)  Successful lengthening extrafusal fibers under load via coactivation 
D)  1a activated contraction of extrafusal fibers to lift heavy load

Question 10

In the primary motor cortex, the neurons most responsible for sending motor output to spinal motor neurons are the

Accepted Answer

A)  mirror neurons. 
B)  pyramidal cells. 
C)  Purkinje cells. 
D)  granule cells. 
A)  mirror neurons. 
B)  pyramidal cells. 
C)  Purkinje cells. 
D)  granule cells.

Question 11

The phrase "like a chicken with its head cut off" refers to a person rushing around frantically or carelessly. Explain how a chicken might be able to run (briefly) after its brain has been disconnected from the rest of its body.

Accepted Answer

Once initiated, rhythmic contractions of

Question 12

Agonists are

Accepted Answer

A)  muscles that work together to generate a given motion. 
B)  muscles that extend a joint. 
C)  muscles that have opposing actions. 
D)  sensory fibers that detect pain in order to trigger protective reflexes. 
A)  muscles that work together to generate a given motion. 
B)  muscles that extend a joint. 
C)  muscles that have opposing actions. 
D)  sensory fibers that detect pain in order to trigger protective reflexes.

Question 13

Describe how observations of human patients or animals with lesions of the nervous system have contributed to our understanding of normal motor control. Include relevant examples and relate them to general experimental principles.

Accepted Answer

Functional deficits observed in an anima

Question 14

Choose the correct statement regarding salamanders.

Accepted Answer

A)  Salamanders are split into 2 groups-swimmers and walkers. 
B)  Control of swimming is completely different from the control of walking. 
C)  Swimming behavior evolved from walking behavior. 
D)  The neural circuitry that controls and coordinates swimming behavior also controls walking behavior. 
A)  Salamanders are split into 2 groups-swimmers and walkers. 
B)  Control of swimming is completely different from the control of walking. 
C)  Swimming behavior evolved from walking behavior. 
D)  The neural circuitry that controls and coordinates swimming behavior also controls walking behavior.

Question 15

Movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease are associated with degeneration in what areas of the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

A)  The frontal cortex 
B)  The primary motor cortex 
C)  Spinal motor neurons 
D)  The basal ganglia 
A)  The frontal cortex 
B)  The primary motor cortex 
C)  Spinal motor neurons 
D)  The basal ganglia

Question 16

Sketch and give a written description of how the nervous system plans, programs, and executes a voluntary movement. Include a sentence describing the role of each of at least four different brain areas.

Accepted Answer

Answers may vary, but a proper example i

Question 17

Compared to the neural circuits responsible for reflexes of invertebrates, the circuits of vertebrates involve

Accepted Answer

A)  many more steps in sequence. 
B)  fewer steps in sequence. 
C)  many more individual neurons to complete the same steps. 
D)  fewer individual neurons to complete the same steps. 
A)  many more steps in sequence. 
B)  fewer steps in sequence. 
C)  many more individual neurons to complete the same steps. 
D)  fewer individual neurons to complete the same steps.

Question 18

Compare and contrast the central control hypothesis and peripheral control hypothesis as they relate to insect flight

Accepted Answer

According to the central control hypothe

Question 19

Refer to the figure shown.
  In the closed-loop network depicted in the figure, stimulation from outside the network would cause cell 3 to fire

Accepted Answer

A)  an indefinite train of action potentials. 
B)  action potentials until it is inhibited by the CNS. 
C)  action potentials as long as it receives stimulation from the CNS. 
D)  action potentials until it is inhibited by cell 1. 
A)  an indefinite train of action potentials. 
B)  action potentials until it is inhibited by the CNS. 
C)  action potentials as long as it receives stimulation from the CNS. 
D)  action potentials until it is inhibited by cell 1.

Question 20

In what ways do mirror neurons in the premotor areas of the cerebral cortex highlight the complexity of motor pathways?

Accepted Answer

The premotor area is involved in plannin

Exam 19: Control of Movement

According to the peripheral control model of insect flight,

Refer to the figure shown. Which neuron in the figure is inhibitory?

The involvement of the cerebellum in motor learning is demonstrated by the observation that patients with cerebellar lesions are

The frontal cortex contains areas that are involved in

The muscle fibers in a muscle spindle

Refer to the figure shown. According to the figure, which numeral represents the sensory neuron?

Write a paragraph describing the mechanism that causes you to withdraw your right hand very rapidly when you reach out and touch a hot frying pan by mistake.

Refer to the figure shown. Which caption best describes the figure?

In the primary motor cortex, the neurons most responsible for sending motor output to spinal motor neurons are the

The phrase "like a chicken with its head cut off" refers to a person rushing around frantically or carelessly. Explain how a chicken might be able to run (briefly) after its brain has been disconnected from the rest of its body.

Agonists are

Describe how observations of human patients or animals with lesions of the nervous system have contributed to our understanding of normal motor control. Include relevant examples and relate them to general experimental principles.

Choose the correct statement regarding salamanders.

Movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease are associated with degeneration in what areas of the central nervous system?

Sketch and give a written description of how the nervous system plans, programs, and executes a voluntary movement. Include a sentence describing the role of each of at least four different brain areas.

Compared to the neural circuits responsible for reflexes of invertebrates, the circuits of vertebrates involve

Compare and contrast the central control hypothesis and peripheral control hypothesis as they relate to insect flight

Refer to the figure shown. In the closed-loop network depicted in the figure, stimulation from outside the network would cause cell 3 to fire

In what ways do mirror neurons in the premotor areas of the cerebral cortex highlight the complexity of motor pathways?

Animals and Environments: Function on the Ecological Stage

Molecules and Cells in Animal Physiology

Genomics, Proteomics, and Related Approaches to Physiology

Physiological Development and Epigenetics

Transport of Solutes and Water

Nutrition, Feeding, and Digestion

Energy Metabolism

Aerobic and Anaerobic Forms of Metabolism

The Energetics of Aerobic Activity

Thermal Relations

Food, Energy, and Temperature at Work: The Lives of Mammals in Frigid Places

Neurons

Synapses

Sensory Processes

Nervous System Organization and Biological Clocks

Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Physiology

Reproduction

Integrating Systems at Work: Animal Navigation

Muscle

Movement and Muscle at Work: Plasticity in Response to Use and Disuse

Introduction to Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Physiology

External Respiration: the Physiology of Breathing

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Body Fluids With an Introduction to Acid- Base Physiology

Circulation

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Internal Transport at Work: Diving by Marine Mammals

Water and Salt Physiology: Introduction and Mechanisms

Kidneys and Excretion With Notes on Nitrogen Excretion

Water, Salts, and Excretion at Work: Mammals of Deserts and Dry Savannas

Water and Salt Physiology of Animals in Their Environments

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