Question 1

Refer to the figure shown.
  If AB/PD fires first, which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  PY recovers the fastest and fires before LP 
B)  AB/PD activates firing of LP 
C)  LP and PY are activated and LP fires first 
D)  LP and PY are inhibited and LP recovers first and fires 
A)  PY recovers the fastest and fires before LP 
B)  AB/PD activates firing of LP 
C)  LP and PY are activated and LP fires first 
D)  LP and PY are inhibited and LP recovers first and fires

Question 2

If you voluntarily lift an object and have correctly judged its weight,

Accepted Answer

A)  the intrafusal muscle fibers shorten at a rate that maintains constant tension on the stretch receptor. 
B)  the muscle spindle afferents fire a rapid burst of action potentials. 
C)  α motor neurons fire action potentials but γ motor neurons do not. 
D)  γ motor neurons fire action potentials but α motor neurons do not. 
A)  the intrafusal muscle fibers shorten at a rate that maintains constant tension on the stretch receptor. 
B)  the muscle spindle afferents fire a rapid burst of action potentials. 
C)  α motor neurons fire action potentials but γ motor neurons do not. 
D)  γ motor neurons fire action potentials but α motor neurons do not.

Question 3

If you voluntarily lift an object and have underestimated its weight,

Accepted Answer

A)  the intrafusal muscle fibers shorten at a rate that maintains constant tension on the stretch receptor. 
B)  the muscle spindle afferents fire a rapid burst of action potentials. 
C)  α motor neurons fire action potentials but γ motor neurons do not. 
D)  γ motor neurons fire action potentials but α motor neurons do not. 
A)  the intrafusal muscle fibers shorten at a rate that maintains constant tension on the stretch receptor. 
B)  the muscle spindle afferents fire a rapid burst of action potentials. 
C)  α motor neurons fire action potentials but γ motor neurons do not. 
D)  γ motor neurons fire action potentials but α motor neurons do not.

Question 4

In the stretch reflex, a signal from a sensory neuron that detects stretch in a muscle reaches a motor neuron innervating the stretched muscle via

Accepted Answer

A)  excitatory interneurons in the brain. 
B)  a single excitatory synapse. 
C)  inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord. 
D)  direct sensory-to-motor-neuron synapses as well as excitatory spinal interneurons. 
A)  excitatory interneurons in the brain. 
B)  a single excitatory synapse. 
C)  inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord. 
D)  direct sensory-to-motor-neuron synapses as well as excitatory spinal interneurons.

Question 5

A cellular oscillator in a central pattern generator is a cell

Accepted Answer

A)  whose membrane potential responds to stimulation from other cells. 
B)  whose membrane potential goes through regular cycles of depolarization and repolarization. 
C)  whose membrane potential is unusually resistant to depolarization or hyperpolarization. 
D)  that fires action potentials. 
A)  whose membrane potential responds to stimulation from other cells. 
B)  whose membrane potential goes through regular cycles of depolarization and repolarization. 
C)  whose membrane potential is unusually resistant to depolarization or hyperpolarization. 
D)  that fires action potentials.

Question 6

Oscillatory networks based on the half-center model are unstable unless

Accepted Answer

A)  there is a fatigue mechanism so that the first neuron that fires action potentials stops firing action potentials. 
B)  there is a stabilizing mechanism that helps the first neuron that depolarizes to remain depolarized. 
C)  there is a stabilizing mechanism so that the first neuron that fires action potentials keeps firing action potentials. 
D)  there is a fatigue mechanism so that the external command stimulation stops. 
A)  there is a fatigue mechanism so that the first neuron that fires action potentials stops firing action potentials. 
B)  there is a stabilizing mechanism that helps the first neuron that depolarizes to remain depolarized. 
C)  there is a stabilizing mechanism so that the first neuron that fires action potentials keeps firing action potentials. 
D)  there is a fatigue mechanism so that the external command stimulation stops.

Question 7

The main role of the cerebellum is to

Accepted Answer

A)  make decisions on which voluntary movements to perform. 
B)  plan the sequence of muscle contractions involved in an involuntary movement. 
C)  send the signals to activate muscle fibers involved in a voluntary movement. 
D)  provide feedback to correct errors as a voluntary movement is performed. 
A)  make decisions on which voluntary movements to perform. 
B)  plan the sequence of muscle contractions involved in an involuntary movement. 
C)  send the signals to activate muscle fibers involved in a voluntary movement. 
D)  provide feedback to correct errors as a voluntary movement is performed.

Question 8

If only α motor neurons were activated during a voluntary movement, the muscle spindle would be unable to transmit information to correct the rate of the movement because the

Accepted Answer

A)  extrafusal fibers would not shorten. 
B)  intrafusal fibers would be stretched excessively. 
C)  intrafusal fibers would be slack. 
D)  intrafusal fibers would remain at their resting length. 
A)  extrafusal fibers would not shorten. 
B)  intrafusal fibers would be stretched excessively. 
C)  intrafusal fibers would be slack. 
D)  intrafusal fibers would remain at their resting length.

Question 9

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which statement is the most likely explanation for the data shown in the figure?

Accepted Answer

A)  AB/PD is a cellular oscillator that activates PY, which activates LP. 
B)  AB/PD is a cellular oscillator that inhibits both LP and PY, which are autoactive. 
C)  PY is a cellular oscillator that activates both AB/PD and LP. 
D)  LP is a cellular oscillator that inhibits both AB/PD and PY. 
A)  AB/PD is a cellular oscillator that activates PY, which activates LP. 
B)  AB/PD is a cellular oscillator that inhibits both LP and PY, which are autoactive. 
C)  PY is a cellular oscillator that activates both AB/PD and LP. 
D)  LP is a cellular oscillator that inhibits both AB/PD and PY.

Question 10

When your family physician taps your left patellar tendon with a mallet, motor neurons innervating the flexors of the left knee are inhibited by _______ in the _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  interneurons; spinal cord 
B)  interneurons; muscle 
C)  interneurons; tendon 
D)  sensory neurons; muscle 
A)  interneurons; spinal cord 
B)  interneurons; muscle 
C)  interneurons; tendon 
D)  sensory neurons; muscle

Question 11

Explain why α‒γ coactivation is important for quality control of voluntary motions.

Accepted Answer

When extrafusal muscle fibers contract,

Question 12

Which statement illustrates the principle of divergence?

Accepted Answer

A)  A single muscle spindle afferent stimulates many motor neurons. 
B)  A single muscle spindle afferent stimulates a single spinal motor neuron. 
C)  Each motor neuron receives input from thousands of synapses. 
D)  Each motor neuron receives input that has passed through multiple synapses on its way from the CNS. 
A)  A single muscle spindle afferent stimulates many motor neurons. 
B)  A single muscle spindle afferent stimulates a single spinal motor neuron. 
C)  Each motor neuron receives input from thousands of synapses. 
D)  Each motor neuron receives input that has passed through multiple synapses on its way from the CNS.

Question 13

The primary motor cortex contains neurons that

Accepted Answer

A)  make decisions about what movements to undertake. 
B)  encode the force and direction of movements. 
C)  correspond to individual muscles according to location in the cortex. 
D)  connect only to areas outside of the brain. 
A)  make decisions about what movements to undertake. 
B)  encode the force and direction of movements. 
C)  correspond to individual muscles according to location in the cortex. 
D)  connect only to areas outside of the brain.

Question 14

Refer to the figure shown.
  Beth knows the answer to a question and raises her hand. During the initiation of this movement, which neuron in the figure becomes disinhibited?

Accepted Answer

A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  IV 
A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  IV

Question 15

When you are walking barefoot and your left foot lands on a marble, the

Accepted Answer

A)  flexors of your left leg relax. 
B)  flexors of your right leg contract. 
C)  extensors of your left leg contract. 
D)  extensors of your right leg contract. 
A)  flexors of your left leg relax. 
B)  flexors of your right leg contract. 
C)  extensors of your left leg contract. 
D)  extensors of your right leg contract.

Question 16

The stomatogastric ganglion of decapod crustaceans has received extensive study because

Accepted Answer

A)  control of the crustacean stomach is very similar to control of the human stomach. 
B)  the stomatogastric ganglion is the simplest oscillator studied to date. 
C)  the stomatogastric ganglion generates a variety of rhythmic output with a small number of neurons. 
D)  the drugs that act on the stomatogastric ganglion are likely to have effects similar to those that act on the human digestive tract. 
A)  control of the crustacean stomach is very similar to control of the human stomach. 
B)  the stomatogastric ganglion is the simplest oscillator studied to date. 
C)  the stomatogastric ganglion generates a variety of rhythmic output with a small number of neurons. 
D)  the drugs that act on the stomatogastric ganglion are likely to have effects similar to those that act on the human digestive tract.

Question 17

If you voluntarily lift an object and have underestimated its weight,

Accepted Answer

A)  a burst of action potentials from the muscle spindle afferents causes the contracting muscles to contract more forcefully. 
B)  a burst of action potentials from the muscle spindle afferents causes the contracting muscles to stop contracting. 
C)  the absence of action potentials from the muscle spindle afferents causes the contracting muscles to contract more forcefully. 
D)  the absence of action potentials from the muscle spindle afferents causes the contracting muscles to stop contracting. 
A)  a burst of action potentials from the muscle spindle afferents causes the contracting muscles to contract more forcefully. 
B)  a burst of action potentials from the muscle spindle afferents causes the contracting muscles to stop contracting. 
C)  the absence of action potentials from the muscle spindle afferents causes the contracting muscles to contract more forcefully. 
D)  the absence of action potentials from the muscle spindle afferents causes the contracting muscles to stop contracting.

Question 18

Discuss some of the areas of scientific uncertainty regarding the control of voluntary movement by vertebrate animals. Speculate on some experimental techniques (either current or still to be developed) and possible experimental results that might help to refine our models of motor control.

Accepted Answer

Important areas of uncertainty include h

Question 19

When your family physician taps your left patellar tendon with a mallet,

Accepted Answer

A)  the intrafusal muscle fibers in your left quadriceps contract. 
B)  many motor neurons innervating your left quadriceps are excited by 1a afferent fibers. 
C)  a single motor neuron innervating your left quadriceps is excited by a 1a afferent fiber. 
D)  a single motor neuron innervating your left quadriceps is inhibited by a 1a afferent fiber. 
A)  the intrafusal muscle fibers in your left quadriceps contract. 
B)  many motor neurons innervating your left quadriceps are excited by 1a afferent fibers. 
C)  a single motor neuron innervating your left quadriceps is excited by a 1a afferent fiber. 
D)  a single motor neuron innervating your left quadriceps is inhibited by a 1a afferent fiber.

Question 20

The motor cortex sends output to the cerebellum as movements are initiated, and the cerebellum

Accepted Answer

A)  transmits output from the motor cortex to the spinal motor neurons. 
B)  transmits output from the motor cortex to the muscle fibers. 
C)  compares sensory feedback to the initial motor output to detect errors. 
D)  generates the readiness potential that precedes movement. 
A)  transmits output from the motor cortex to the spinal motor neurons. 
B)  transmits output from the motor cortex to the muscle fibers. 
C)  compares sensory feedback to the initial motor output to detect errors. 
D)  generates the readiness potential that precedes movement.

Exam 19: Control of Movement

Refer to the figure shown. If AB/PD fires first, which statement is true?

If you voluntarily lift an object and have correctly judged its weight,

If you voluntarily lift an object and have underestimated its weight,

In the stretch reflex, a signal from a sensory neuron that detects stretch in a muscle reaches a motor neuron innervating the stretched muscle via

A cellular oscillator in a central pattern generator is a cell

Oscillatory networks based on the half-center model are unstable unless

The main role of the cerebellum is to

If only α motor neurons were activated during a voluntary movement, the muscle spindle would be unable to transmit information to correct the rate of the movement because the

Refer to the figure shown. Which statement is the most likely explanation for the data shown in the figure?

When your family physician taps your left patellar tendon with a mallet, motor neurons innervating the flexors of the left knee are inhibited by _______ in the _______.

Explain why α‒γ coactivation is important for quality control of voluntary motions.

Which statement illustrates the principle of divergence?

The primary motor cortex contains neurons that

Refer to the figure shown. Beth knows the answer to a question and raises her hand. During the initiation of this movement, which neuron in the figure becomes disinhibited?

When you are walking barefoot and your left foot lands on a marble, the

The stomatogastric ganglion of decapod crustaceans has received extensive study because

If you voluntarily lift an object and have underestimated its weight,

Discuss some of the areas of scientific uncertainty regarding the control of voluntary movement by vertebrate animals. Speculate on some experimental techniques (either current or still to be developed) and possible experimental results that might help to refine our models of motor control.

When your family physician taps your left patellar tendon with a mallet,

The motor cortex sends output to the cerebellum as movements are initiated, and the cerebellum

Animals and Environments: Function on the Ecological Stage

Molecules and Cells in Animal Physiology

Genomics, Proteomics, and Related Approaches to Physiology

Physiological Development and Epigenetics

Transport of Solutes and Water

Nutrition, Feeding, and Digestion

Energy Metabolism

Aerobic and Anaerobic Forms of Metabolism

The Energetics of Aerobic Activity

Thermal Relations

Food, Energy, and Temperature at Work: The Lives of Mammals in Frigid Places

Neurons

Synapses

Sensory Processes

Nervous System Organization and Biological Clocks

Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Physiology

Reproduction

Integrating Systems at Work: Animal Navigation

Muscle

Movement and Muscle at Work: Plasticity in Response to Use and Disuse

Introduction to Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Physiology

External Respiration: the Physiology of Breathing

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Body Fluids With an Introduction to Acid- Base Physiology

Circulation

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Internal Transport at Work: Diving by Marine Mammals

Water and Salt Physiology: Introduction and Mechanisms

Kidneys and Excretion With Notes on Nitrogen Excretion

Water, Salts, and Excretion at Work: Mammals of Deserts and Dry Savannas

Water and Salt Physiology of Animals in Their Environments

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When your family physician taps your left patellar tendon with a mallet, motor neurons innervating the flexors of the left knee are inhibited by _ in the _.