Question 1

Which experimental treatment would most likely increase levels of IGF-1 protein in a rat's plantaris muscle?

Accepted Answer

A)  Putting the hindlimb in a cast for two weeks 
B)  Cutting the motor neurons that normally innervate the plantaris 
C)  Putting a running wheel in the rat's cage so that it can perform voluntary endurance exercise 
D)  Surgically removing the rat's other calf muscles to overload the plantaris 
A)  Putting the hindlimb in a cast for two weeks 
B)  Cutting the motor neurons that normally innervate the plantaris 
C)  Putting a running wheel in the rat's cage so that it can perform voluntary endurance exercise 
D)  Surgically removing the rat's other calf muscles to overload the plantaris

Question 2

Which factor would most likely lead to muscle hypertrophy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased levels of stress hormones, such as glucocorticoids 
B)  Increased intake of dietary protein 
C)  Increased caloric intake 
D)  Decreased levels of dietary protein 
A)  Increased levels of stress hormones, such as glucocorticoids 
B)  Increased intake of dietary protein 
C)  Increased caloric intake 
D)  Decreased levels of dietary protein

Question 3

In which order are motor units recruited as the load on a muscle increases?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fast glycolytic, fast oxidative, slow oxidative 
B)  Fast oxidative, slow oxidative, fast glycolytic 
C)  Slow oxidative, fast oxidative, fast glycolytic 
D)  Slow oxidative, fast glycolytic, fast oxidative 
A)  Fast glycolytic, fast oxidative, slow oxidative 
B)  Fast oxidative, slow oxidative, fast glycolytic 
C)  Slow oxidative, fast oxidative, fast glycolytic 
D)  Slow oxidative, fast glycolytic, fast oxidative

Question 4

In skeletal muscle cells, resistance training typically results in an increase in

Accepted Answer

A)  the number of mitochondria. 
B)  the amount of Type IIx myosin. 
C)  muscle fiber diameter. 
D)  muscle fiber length. 
A)  the number of mitochondria. 
B)  the amount of Type IIx myosin. 
C)  muscle fiber diameter. 
D)  muscle fiber length.

Question 5

Refer to the figure shown.
  According to the data in the figure, a single bout of endurance exercise

Accepted Answer

A)  increases VEGF mRNA levels, and the increase is greater in muscle that is not used in exercising. 
B)  increases VEGF mRNA levels, and the increase is greater in muscle that has been trained. 
C)  decreases VEGF mRNA levels, and the decrease is greater in muscle that has been trained. 
D)  decreases VEGF mRNA levels, and the decrease is greater in muscle that is not used in exercising. 
A)  increases VEGF mRNA levels, and the increase is greater in muscle that is not used in exercising. 
B)  increases VEGF mRNA levels, and the increase is greater in muscle that has been trained. 
C)  decreases VEGF mRNA levels, and the decrease is greater in muscle that has been trained. 
D)  decreases VEGF mRNA levels, and the decrease is greater in muscle that is not used in exercising.

Question 6

Refer to the figure shown.
  The figure illustrates a part of the typical response of skeletal muscle to

Accepted Answer

A)  endurance training. 
B)  resistance training. 
C)  immobilization. 
D)  detraining following resistance training. 
A)  endurance training. 
B)  resistance training. 
C)  immobilization. 
D)  detraining following resistance training.

Question 7

Experiments involving microgravity can be used to study the cellular processes involved in

Accepted Answer

A)  resistance training. 
B)  endurance training. 
C)  muscle atrophy. 
D)  muscle development. 
A)  resistance training. 
B)  endurance training. 
C)  muscle atrophy. 
D)  muscle development.

Question 8

In the muscles of elderly people,

Accepted Answer

A)  the ability to repair cellular damage is lost, leading to sarcopenia. 
B)  muscle deteriorates due to the same processes that lead to atrophy when muscle is unloaded. 
C)  muscle becomes unresponsive to training, leading to sarcopenia. 
D)  normal repair and hypertrophy processes are still active but less effective than in younger people. 
A)  the ability to repair cellular damage is lost, leading to sarcopenia. 
B)  muscle deteriorates due to the same processes that lead to atrophy when muscle is unloaded. 
C)  muscle becomes unresponsive to training, leading to sarcopenia. 
D)  normal repair and hypertrophy processes are still active but less effective than in younger people.

Question 9

In humans, the vastus lateralis is a mixed fiber type muscle from which biopsies are often taken in exercise studies. Why might it be particularly worthwhile to use a mixed fiber type muscle in studies of exercise training?

Accepted Answer

Both resistance training and endurance t

Question 10

Explain how endurance training increases the ability of muscle cells to use oxygen. Include three specific cellular effects of endurance training and explain how each one increases oxygen uptake.

Accepted Answer

The increase in capillary number that re

Question 11

Glycolytic muscle fibers contain _______ and myosin isoforms that go through the cross-bridge cycle _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  low levels of SR Ca2+-ATPase; slowly 
B)  high levels of SR Ca2+-ATPase; slowly 
C)  low levels of SR Ca2+-ATPase; rapidly 
D)  high levels of SR Ca2+-ATPase; rapidly 
A)  low levels of SR Ca2+-ATPase; slowly 
B)  high levels of SR Ca2+-ATPase; slowly 
C)  low levels of SR Ca2+-ATPase; rapidly 
D)  high levels of SR Ca2+-ATPase; rapidly

Question 12

A single bout of exercise increases VEGF mRNA less in a trained muscle than in an untrained muscle. The most plausible explanation for this difference is that trained muscle has more

Accepted Answer

A)  capillaries, so intracellular oxygen delivery remains higher during exercise. 
B)  mitochondria, so it can generate much more force than untrained muscle. 
C)  capillaries, so intracellular oxygen delivery remains lower during exercise. 
D)  mitochondria, so it does not need more capillaries. 
A)  capillaries, so intracellular oxygen delivery remains higher during exercise. 
B)  mitochondria, so it can generate much more force than untrained muscle. 
C)  capillaries, so intracellular oxygen delivery remains lower during exercise. 
D)  mitochondria, so it does not need more capillaries.

Question 13

Experiments that combine endurance and resistance training indicate that

Accepted Answer

A)  resistance training prevents endurance training from having any effect on skeletal muscle. 
B)  resistance and endurance training can produce some of their characteristic effects on skeletal muscle simultaneously. 
C)  resistance and endurance training have identical effects on skeletal muscle. 
D)  resistance and endurance training produce different effects but activate the same cellular pathways. 
A)  resistance training prevents endurance training from having any effect on skeletal muscle. 
B)  resistance and endurance training can produce some of their characteristic effects on skeletal muscle simultaneously. 
C)  resistance and endurance training have identical effects on skeletal muscle. 
D)  resistance and endurance training produce different effects but activate the same cellular pathways.

Question 14

Refer to the figure shown.
  What is the most logical label for the x axis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Age (years) 
B)  Development (days) 
C)  Force (N) 
D)  Velocity (m/s) 
A)  Age (years) 
B)  Development (days) 
C)  Force (N) 
D)  Velocity (m/s)

Question 15

Describe what happens to the muscle cells at the molecular level in a person's biceps when the person has to wear a cast for a broken arm.

Accepted Answer

The lack of contraction reduces the rele

Question 16

In response to exercise training, the muscles in adult mammals change as

Accepted Answer

A)  muscle cells of one fiber type die and are replaced by muscle cells of different fiber types. 
B)  new muscle cells are produced and work along with existing muscle cells. 
C)  proteins in muscle cells are broken down and replaced by proteins with different properties. 
D)  existing muscle proteins change from one isoform to another. 
A)  muscle cells of one fiber type die and are replaced by muscle cells of different fiber types. 
B)  new muscle cells are produced and work along with existing muscle cells. 
C)  proteins in muscle cells are broken down and replaced by proteins with different properties. 
D)  existing muscle proteins change from one isoform to another.

Question 17

Describe how force, speed, and power output differ among muscle fibers of different fiber types.

Accepted Answer

FG, FOG, and SO fibers produce similar a

Question 18

Satellite cells

Accepted Answer

A)  are stem cells that fuse into existing muscle cells to add nuclei to the muscle cells. 
B)  are stem cells that fuse into existing muscle cells to add cytoplasm to the muscle cells. 
C)  provide metabolic support to other muscle cells by processing lactate and other wastes. 
D)  are muscle cells that are not connected to tendons or other connective tissue. 
A)  are stem cells that fuse into existing muscle cells to add nuclei to the muscle cells. 
B)  are stem cells that fuse into existing muscle cells to add cytoplasm to the muscle cells. 
C)  provide metabolic support to other muscle cells by processing lactate and other wastes. 
D)  are muscle cells that are not connected to tendons or other connective tissue.

Question 19

Refer to the figure shown.
  If the muscle represented in the figure can produce a maximal power of 6 watts and has a Vmax of 1.5 m/s, what is its maximum isometric force?

Accepted Answer

A)  0 newtons 
B)  4 newtons 
C)  9 newtons 
D)  40 newtons 
A)  0 newtons 
B)  4 newtons 
C)  9 newtons 
D)  40 newtons

Question 20

Many athletes engage in resistance training to increase the speed at which they can perform motions required for their sports. Which statement best explains the effect of resistance training on speed?

Accepted Answer

A)  It increases the proportion of the fastest myosin isoforms. 
B)  It increases myosin expression of Type IIa and decreases Type IIx expression. 
C)  It increases the power output of the muscles, improving their ability to move loads. 
D)  It increases the number of mitochondria in the muscles, increasing the ATP supply. 
A)  It increases the proportion of the fastest myosin isoforms. 
B)  It increases myosin expression of Type IIa and decreases Type IIx expression. 
C)  It increases the power output of the muscles, improving their ability to move loads. 
D)  It increases the number of mitochondria in the muscles, increasing the ATP supply.

Exam 21: Movement and Muscle at Work: Plasticity in Response to Use and Disuse

Which experimental treatment would most likely increase levels of IGF-1 protein in a rat's plantaris muscle?

Which factor would most likely lead to muscle hypertrophy?

In which order are motor units recruited as the load on a muscle increases?

In skeletal muscle cells, resistance training typically results in an increase in

Refer to the figure shown. According to the data in the figure, a single bout of endurance exercise

Refer to the figure shown. The figure illustrates a part of the typical response of skeletal muscle to

Experiments involving microgravity can be used to study the cellular processes involved in

In the muscles of elderly people,

In humans, the vastus lateralis is a mixed fiber type muscle from which biopsies are often taken in exercise studies. Why might it be particularly worthwhile to use a mixed fiber type muscle in studies of exercise training?

Explain how endurance training increases the ability of muscle cells to use oxygen. Include three specific cellular effects of endurance training and explain how each one increases oxygen uptake.

Glycolytic muscle fibers contain _______ and myosin isoforms that go through the cross-bridge cycle _______.

A single bout of exercise increases VEGF mRNA less in a trained muscle than in an untrained muscle. The most plausible explanation for this difference is that trained muscle has more

Experiments that combine endurance and resistance training indicate that

Refer to the figure shown. What is the most logical label for the x axis?

Describe what happens to the muscle cells at the molecular level in a person's biceps when the person has to wear a cast for a broken arm.

In response to exercise training, the muscles in adult mammals change as

Describe how force, speed, and power output differ among muscle fibers of different fiber types.

Satellite cells

Refer to the figure shown. If the muscle represented in the figure can produce a maximal power of 6 watts and has a Vmax of 1.5 m/s, what is its maximum isometric force?

Many athletes engage in resistance training to increase the speed at which they can perform motions required for their sports. Which statement best explains the effect of resistance training on speed?

Animals and Environments: Function on the Ecological Stage

Molecules and Cells in Animal Physiology

Genomics, Proteomics, and Related Approaches to Physiology

Physiological Development and Epigenetics

Transport of Solutes and Water

Nutrition, Feeding, and Digestion

Energy Metabolism

Aerobic and Anaerobic Forms of Metabolism

The Energetics of Aerobic Activity

Thermal Relations

Food, Energy, and Temperature at Work: The Lives of Mammals in Frigid Places

Neurons

Synapses

Sensory Processes

Nervous System Organization and Biological Clocks

Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Physiology

Reproduction

Integrating Systems at Work: Animal Navigation

Control of Movement

Muscle

Introduction to Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Physiology

External Respiration: the Physiology of Breathing

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Body Fluids With an Introduction to Acid- Base Physiology

Circulation

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Internal Transport at Work: Diving by Marine Mammals

Water and Salt Physiology: Introduction and Mechanisms

Kidneys and Excretion With Notes on Nitrogen Excretion

Water, Salts, and Excretion at Work: Mammals of Deserts and Dry Savannas

Water and Salt Physiology of Animals in Their Environments

Filters

Glycolytic muscle fibers contain _ and myosin isoforms that go through the cross-bridge cycle _.

Refer to the figure shown. If the muscle represented in the figure can produce a maximal power of 6 watts and has a V_max of 1.5 m/s, what is its maximum isometric force?