Question 1

Which statement about bipolar disorder is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It rarely occurs in people over the age of 50. 
B)  During the manic period a person is susceptible to suicide. 
C)  It doesn't appear to have a strong hereditary component. 
D)  The time of onset is usually between the ages of 20 and 30. 
A)  It rarely occurs in people over the age of 50. 
B)  During the manic period a person is susceptible to suicide. 
C)  It doesn't appear to have a strong hereditary component. 
D)  The time of onset is usually between the ages of 20 and 30.

Question 2

Describe evidence from studies measuring 5-HT turnover, tryptophan levels, receptor binding, and response to various drug challenges that supports a role for serotonin dysfunction in mood disorders.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe evidence from studies measuring 5-HT turnover,...

Question 3

Provide evidence that indicates lithium is a very effective drug for bipolar disorder. How does it work at the synapse? Why must blood levels of lithium be monitored on a regular basis? Discuss what happens if levels are too high or too low.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Provide evidence that indicates lithium is a...

Question 4

Evaluate the role of the following risk factors in depression: hereditary factors, stress, and biological rhythms. Briefly discuss the role of melatonin receptor therapy for depression as it relates to altered biological rhythms.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Evaluate the role of the following risk...

Question 5

Which statement about new research into biochemical models for mood disorders is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  The monoamine hypothesis needs to be updated with information that explains the slow onset of the clinical effects of the drugs. 
B)  PET scans and MRI can be used to discriminate between people with and without mood disorders in order to contribute to new models. 
C)  Animal models are no longer useful in the search for modern biochemical models for human conditions. 
D)  New models will have to consider multiple neurotransmitter systems and how they interact. 
A)  The monoamine hypothesis needs to be updated with information that explains the slow onset of the clinical effects of the drugs. 
B)  PET scans and MRI can be used to discriminate between people with and without mood disorders in order to contribute to new models. 
C)  Animal models are no longer useful in the search for modern biochemical models for human conditions. 
D)  New models will have to consider multiple neurotransmitter systems and how they interact.

Question 6

Which of the following is a benefit of the drug esketamine over racemic ketamine in the treatment of depression?

Accepted Answer

A)  It has high bioavailability such that intravenous administration is not necessary. 
B)  It is longer-acting than racemic ketamine so intravenous administration is required less frequently. 
C)  It has fewer drug interactions than racemic ketamine. 
D)  It has a faster onset of action than racemic ketamine. 
A)  It has high bioavailability such that intravenous administration is not necessary. 
B)  It is longer-acting than racemic ketamine so intravenous administration is required less frequently. 
C)  It has fewer drug interactions than racemic ketamine. 
D)  It has a faster onset of action than racemic ketamine.

Question 7

Which statement regarding the glucocorticoid hypothesis of depression is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  The amygdala normally inhibits the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HP
A)  axis, whereas the hippocampus activates it. 
B)  High cortisol levels cause loss of cells and reduced neurogenesis in the hippocampus. 
C)  Behavioral characteristics of depression can be reduced in animals by administration of CRF. 
D)  ECT and antidepressant drugs may exert some of their clinical benefits by increasing CRF. 
A)  The amygdala normally inhibits the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HP
A)  axis, whereas the hippocampus activates it. 
B)  High cortisol levels cause loss of cells and reduced neurogenesis in the hippocampus. 
C)  Behavioral characteristics of depression can be reduced in animals by administration of CRF. 
D)  ECT and antidepressant drugs may exert some of their clinical benefits by increasing CRF.

Question 8

Researchers know that depressed individuals have an abnormal stress response involving the HPA axis because these individuals show

Accepted Answer

A)  reduced release of ACTH. 
B)  reduced size of pituitary and adrenal glands. 
C)  higher CRF levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and elevated levels of cortisol. 
D)  fewer CRF cells evident in postmortem hypothalamic tissue. 
A)  reduced release of ACTH. 
B)  reduced size of pituitary and adrenal glands. 
C)  higher CRF levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and elevated levels of cortisol. 
D)  fewer CRF cells evident in postmortem hypothalamic tissue.

Question 9

Describe the mechanism of action of at least three third-generation antidepressants.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the mechanism of action of at...

Question 10

Identify the two older classes of medications used to treat major depression. Describe their mechanism of action at the synapse and their major side effects.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify the two older classes of medications...

Question 11

Depression

Accepted Answer

A)  is most prevalent in older adults. 
B)  affects men and women equally. 
C)  will not improve on its own; therapy is required. 
D)  affects approximately 15% to 20% of the population at any given time. 
A)  is most prevalent in older adults. 
B)  affects men and women equally. 
C)  will not improve on its own; therapy is required. 
D)  affects approximately 15% to 20% of the population at any given time.

Question 12

What is the major advantage of the second-generation antidepressants over the MAOIs and the TCAs?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are more effective in treating depression. 
B)  They work faster than the older classes of drugs. 
C)  They produce different and less harmful side effects than the older medications. 
D)  They are less selective in their action; hence they can be used for a number of conditions. 
A)  They are more effective in treating depression. 
B)  They work faster than the older classes of drugs. 
C)  They produce different and less harmful side effects than the older medications. 
D)  They are less selective in their action; hence they can be used for a number of conditions.

Question 13

Describe the gut-brain axis and its proposed role in health and depression. Include the involvement of the HPA in your answer.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the gut-brain axis and its proposed...

Question 14

Animal studies on the acute and chronic effects of antidepressants on serotonin have shown that

Accepted Answer

A)  the autoreceptors are activated acutely, causing a decrease in synthesis and release of 5-HT. 
B)  the reuptake transporters remain open for the duration of the drug's action. 
C)  tolerance to the drug occurs at the autoreceptors sporadically, resulting in reduced 5-HT release. 
D)  serotonin occupancy of serotonin autoreceptors activates cell firing following chronic antidepressant treatment. 
A)  the autoreceptors are activated acutely, causing a decrease in synthesis and release of 5-HT. 
B)  the reuptake transporters remain open for the duration of the drug's action. 
C)  tolerance to the drug occurs at the autoreceptors sporadically, resulting in reduced 5-HT release. 
D)  serotonin occupancy of serotonin autoreceptors activates cell firing following chronic antidepressant treatment.

Question 15

The greatest danger of the tricyclic antidepressants is

Accepted Answer

A)  stroke. 
B)  cardiac arrest. 
C)  psychosis. 
D)  migraine. 
A)  stroke. 
B)  cardiac arrest. 
C)  psychosis. 
D)  migraine.

Question 16

Which side effect is a frequent reason for individuals terminating SSRI use?

Accepted Answer

A)  Anxiety 
B)  Insomnia 
C)  Sexual dysfunction 
D)  Muscle rigidity 
A)  Anxiety 
B)  Insomnia 
C)  Sexual dysfunction 
D)  Muscle rigidity

Question 17

All of the following are side effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) except

Accepted Answer

A)  blurred vision. 
B)  insomnia. 
C)  headache. 
D)  movement disorders. 
A)  blurred vision. 
B)  insomnia. 
C)  headache. 
D)  movement disorders.

Question 18

Which statement about the role of heredity in the affective disorders is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  No single dominant gene for these disorders has yet been identified. 
B)  Adoption studies provide the strongest evidence for a genetic basis to the affective disorders. 
C)  Twin studies show that the monozygotic-dizygotic twin difference in concordance rates is greater for severe depression than for bipolar disorder. 
D)  Linkage studies attempt to study the incidence of a disorder in people of similar demographic groups. 
A)  No single dominant gene for these disorders has yet been identified. 
B)  Adoption studies provide the strongest evidence for a genetic basis to the affective disorders. 
C)  Twin studies show that the monozygotic-dizygotic twin difference in concordance rates is greater for severe depression than for bipolar disorder. 
D)  Linkage studies attempt to study the incidence of a disorder in people of similar demographic groups.

Question 19

Chronic social defeat stress causes an increase in histone _______, which leads to a decrease in BDNF gene expression by tightening the structure of chromatin. Antidepressant treatment results in a(n) _______ and enhanced BDNF expression.

Accepted Answer

A)  acetylation; decrease in histone acetylation 
B)  acetylation; increase in histone methylation 
C)  methylation; decrease in histone methylation 
D)  methylation; increase in histone acetylation 
A)  acetylation; decrease in histone acetylation 
B)  acetylation; increase in histone methylation 
C)  methylation; decrease in histone methylation 
D)  methylation; increase in histone acetylation

Question 20

Why is the Clock protein of interest in studies on bipolar disorder?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why is the Clock protein of interest...

Which statement about bipolar disorder is true?

Describe evidence from studies measuring 5-HT turnover, tryptophan levels, receptor binding, and response to various drug challenges that supports a role for serotonin dysfunction in mood disorders.

Provide evidence that indicates lithium is a very effective drug for bipolar disorder. How does it work at the synapse? Why must blood levels of lithium be monitored on a regular basis? Discuss what happens if levels are too high or too low.

Evaluate the role of the following risk factors in depression: hereditary factors, stress, and biological rhythms. Briefly discuss the role of melatonin receptor therapy for depression as it relates to altered biological rhythms.

Which statement about new research into biochemical models for mood disorders is false?

Which of the following is a benefit of the drug esketamine over racemic ketamine in the treatment of depression?

Which statement regarding the glucocorticoid hypothesis of depression is false?

Researchers know that depressed individuals have an abnormal stress response involving the HPA axis because these individuals show

Describe the mechanism of action of at least three third-generation antidepressants.

Identify the two older classes of medications used to treat major depression. Describe their mechanism of action at the synapse and their major side effects.

Depression

What is the major advantage of the second-generation antidepressants over the MAOIs and the TCAs?

Describe the gut-brain axis and its proposed role in health and depression. Include the involvement of the HPA in your answer.

Animal studies on the acute and chronic effects of antidepressants on serotonin have shown that

The greatest danger of the tricyclic antidepressants is

Which side effect is a frequent reason for individuals terminating SSRI use?

All of the following are side effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) except

Which statement about the role of heredity in the affective disorders is true?

Chronic social defeat stress causes an increase in histone _, which leads to a decrease in BDNF gene expression by tightening the structure of chromatin. Antidepressant treatment results in a(n) _ and enhanced BDNF expression.

Why is the Clock protein of interest in studies on bipolar disorder?

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Glutamate and Gaba

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

Exam 18: Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Which statement about bipolar disorder is true?

Describe evidence from studies measuring 5-HT turnover, tryptophan levels, receptor binding, and response to various drug challenges that supports a role for serotonin dysfunction in mood disorders.

Provide evidence that indicates lithium is a very effective drug for bipolar disorder. How does it work at the synapse? Why must blood levels of lithium be monitored on a regular basis? Discuss what happens if levels are too high or too low.

Evaluate the role of the following risk factors in depression: hereditary factors, stress, and biological rhythms. Briefly discuss the role of melatonin receptor therapy for depression as it relates to altered biological rhythms.

Which statement about new research into biochemical models for mood disorders is false?

Which of the following is a benefit of the drug esketamine over racemic ketamine in the treatment of depression?

Which statement regarding the glucocorticoid hypothesis of depression is false?

Researchers know that depressed individuals have an abnormal stress response involving the HPA axis because these individuals show

Describe the mechanism of action of at least three third-generation antidepressants.

Identify the two older classes of medications used to treat major depression. Describe their mechanism of action at the synapse and their major side effects.

Depression

What is the major advantage of the second-generation antidepressants over the MAOIs and the TCAs?

Describe the gut-brain axis and its proposed role in health and depression. Include the involvement of the HPA in your answer.

Animal studies on the acute and chronic effects of antidepressants on serotonin have shown that

The greatest danger of the tricyclic antidepressants is

Which side effect is a frequent reason for individuals terminating SSRI use?

All of the following are side effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) except

Which statement about the role of heredity in the affective disorders is true?

Chronic social defeat stress causes an increase in histone _______, which leads to a decrease in BDNF gene expression by tightening the structure of chromatin. Antidepressant treatment results in a(n) _______ and enhanced BDNF expression.

Why is the Clock protein of interest in studies on bipolar disorder?

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Glutamate and Gaba

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

Chronic social defeat stress causes an increase in histone _, which leads to a decrease in BDNF gene expression by tightening the structure of chromatin. Antidepressant treatment results in a(n) _ and enhanced BDNF expression.