Question 1

The Russian civil war pitted which two groups against each other?

Accepted Answer

A)  Russian peasants ("Whites") against urban Bolsheviks ("Reds") who wanted to nationalize farms and turn peasants into factory workers 
B)  Russian soldiers ("Reds"), many of whom were on the verge of starvation, against peasants ("Whites"), who believed the soldiers were treasonous deserters 
C)  Bolsheviks ("Reds") against the Russian army ("Whites"), many of whom supported the tsar and believed the Bolsheviks had betrayed them in signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 
D)  The pro-Bolshevik "Reds" against the "Whites," who were made up of an array of forces that wanted to turn back the revolution, including the tsarist military leadership 
A)  Russian peasants ("Whites") against urban Bolsheviks ("Reds") who wanted to nationalize farms and turn peasants into factory workers 
B)  Russian soldiers ("Reds"), many of whom were on the verge of starvation, against peasants ("Whites"), who believed the soldiers were treasonous deserters 
C)  Bolsheviks ("Reds") against the Russian army ("Whites"), many of whom supported the tsar and believed the Bolsheviks had betrayed them in signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 
D)  The pro-Bolshevik "Reds" against the "Whites," who were made up of an array of forces that wanted to turn back the revolution, including the tsarist military leadership

Question 2

How did women's participation in the war effort on the home front affect debates over gender roles?

Accepted Answer

A)  Women were universally praised throughout Europe for their patriotism and rewarded with suffrage and expanded political rights. 
B)  Many saw women's assumption of men's jobs as a sign of social disorder and feared that women would remain in the workforce after the war, robbing men of jobs. 
C)  Only government officials who needed women's labor approved of their participation in the war effort; most Europeans believed they should return to the domestic sphere. 
D)  In most cases, women were punished politically for their participation in the war effort, as woman suffrage bills were soundly defeated in nearly every European country after the war. 
A)  Women were universally praised throughout Europe for their patriotism and rewarded with suffrage and expanded political rights. 
B)  Many saw women's assumption of men's jobs as a sign of social disorder and feared that women would remain in the workforce after the war, robbing men of jobs. 
C)  Only government officials who needed women's labor approved of their participation in the war effort; most Europeans believed they should return to the domestic sphere. 
D)  In most cases, women were punished politically for their participation in the war effort, as woman suffrage bills were soundly defeated in nearly every European country after the war.

Question 3

The Peace of Paris, which was composed of a cluster of individual treaties negotiated between 1919 and 1920, redrew the map of Europe in which of the following ways?

Accepted Answer

A)  Primarily focused on punishing Germany, the treaties diminished German lands by nearly half, with France, Italy, and Russia gaining large chunks of territory. 
B)  Building on the concept of self-determination, Austria, Germany, and all German-speaking peoples in the Habsburg Empire were combined into a single German state. 
C)  Italy took over the Balkans and part of Hungary, while the Habsburg Empire was greatly diminished and Russia gained access to Poland and to land on Austria's eastern border. 
D)  The treaties broke up the Ottoman and Habsburg Empires, separating Austria and Hungary and creating several weak, independent states in central Europe, such as Czechoslovakia and a reconstructed Poland. 
A)  Primarily focused on punishing Germany, the treaties diminished German lands by nearly half, with France, Italy, and Russia gaining large chunks of territory. 
B)  Building on the concept of self-determination, Austria, Germany, and all German-speaking peoples in the Habsburg Empire were combined into a single German state. 
C)  Italy took over the Balkans and part of Hungary, while the Habsburg Empire was greatly diminished and Russia gained access to Poland and to land on Austria's eastern border. 
D)  The treaties broke up the Ottoman and Habsburg Empires, separating Austria and Hungary and creating several weak, independent states in central Europe, such as Czechoslovakia and a reconstructed Poland.

Question 4

How did Benito Mussolini consolidate his power and protect himself from political attack after becoming prime minister?

Accepted Answer

Answer would ideally include the followi

Question 5

What impact did the total war have on gender roles?

Accepted Answer

A)  Women became shockingly liberated and promiscuous as a result of their newfound freedom from male chaperones, guardians, and even husbands. 
B)  The majority of women became dedicated pacifists who were largely out of sympathy with their government and with military men. 
C)  Convinced of veterans' need for a secure family life, many women retreated from feminism and women's social gains to cultivate a nurturing domesticity. 
D)  Women were more independent, joined formerly male occupations, adopted practical hairstyles and clothing, and sought greater political and social freedoms. 
A)  Women became shockingly liberated and promiscuous as a result of their newfound freedom from male chaperones, guardians, and even husbands. 
B)  The majority of women became dedicated pacifists who were largely out of sympathy with their government and with military men. 
C)  Convinced of veterans' need for a secure family life, many women retreated from feminism and women's social gains to cultivate a nurturing domesticity. 
D)  Women were more independent, joined formerly male occupations, adopted practical hairstyles and clothing, and sought greater political and social freedoms.

Question 6

What was the single most significant aspect of German military policy in terms of its provocative effect on the United States and subsequent U.S. involvement in the war?

Accepted Answer

A)  Unrestricted submarine warfare 
B)  The Germans' purported use of mass executions in Belgium 
C)  Germany's decision to wage a two-front war 
D)  The forced removal of entire European populations to labor camps in Germany 
A)  Unrestricted submarine warfare 
B)  The Germans' purported use of mass executions in Belgium 
C)  Germany's decision to wage a two-front war 
D)  The forced removal of entire European populations to labor camps in Germany

Question 7

Throughout Europe, the efforts of governments to support veterans who returned home after World War I were

Accepted Answer

A)  nonexistent, as most civilians sought to return life to "normal." 
B)  varied, as soldiers were welcomed as heroes in the victor countries and viewed as mutinous traitors in countries like Germany. 
C)  very limited, as governments were bound by liberal ideology from interfering in the marketplace or privileging certain citizens. 
D)  extensive, as governments attempted to reduce the appeal of communism and reintegrate men into society. 
A)  nonexistent, as most civilians sought to return life to "normal." 
B)  varied, as soldiers were welcomed as heroes in the victor countries and viewed as mutinous traitors in countries like Germany. 
C)  very limited, as governments were bound by liberal ideology from interfering in the marketplace or privileging certain citizens. 
D)  extensive, as governments attempted to reduce the appeal of communism and reintegrate men into society.

Question 8

Why was World War I called a "total war"?

Accepted Answer

A)  All of the countries in Europe, their colonial possessions, and the United States were involved in it. 
B)  The entire industrial capacity of participating states and all civilian and military personnel were mobilized to fight the war. 
C)  The new weapons of war, including poison gas and machine guns, killed virtually everyone in their path. 
D)  Armies on both sides used a scorched-earth tactic to destroy all crops, livestock, buildings, and infrastructure in their paths. 
A)  All of the countries in Europe, their colonial possessions, and the United States were involved in it. 
B)  The entire industrial capacity of participating states and all civilian and military personnel were mobilized to fight the war. 
C)  The new weapons of war, including poison gas and machine guns, killed virtually everyone in their path. 
D)  Armies on both sides used a scorched-earth tactic to destroy all crops, livestock, buildings, and infrastructure in their paths.

Question 9

Among all the combatants the world over, which country suffered the greatest number of casualties, with some 7.5 million dead during World War I?

Accepted Answer

A)  Germany 
B)  France 
C)  Great Britain 
D)  Russia 
A)  Germany 
B)  France 
C)  Great Britain 
D)  Russia

Question 10

How did postwar popular culture reflect the political and social tumult of the 1920s?

Accepted Answer

Answer would ideally include the followi

Question 11

One of the main tasks of the League of Nations was the administration of the mandate system, which entailed

Accepted Answer

A)  supervising elections and political matters in the newly formed states of eastern Europe, as these countries were inexperienced in democracy and self-government. 
B)  acting as a sort of international court to settle conflicts between ethnic minorities and the countries in which they lived. 
C)  exercising political control over the former colonies and territories of Germany and the Ottoman Empire, which the Europeans claimed were not yet capable of self-governance. 
D)  setting up international arms treaties to regulate the manufacture, sale, and deployment of weapons in the hopes of preventing another war like World War I. 
A)  supervising elections and political matters in the newly formed states of eastern Europe, as these countries were inexperienced in democracy and self-government. 
B)  acting as a sort of international court to settle conflicts between ethnic minorities and the countries in which they lived. 
C)  exercising political control over the former colonies and territories of Germany and the Ottoman Empire, which the Europeans claimed were not yet capable of self-governance. 
D)  setting up international arms treaties to regulate the manufacture, sale, and deployment of weapons in the hopes of preventing another war like World War I.

Question 12

What allowed Benito Mussolini, the leader of the Fascists in Italy, to become prime minister in 1922?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mussolini's party ran unopposed in national elections. 
B)  The middle classes voted him into power to block the working-class Communist Party. 
C)  His followers marched on Rome and forced the king to make him prime minister. 
D)  His followers intimidated voters, cast false ballots, and destroyed voting booths in order to secure his election in 1922. 
A)  Mussolini's party ran unopposed in national elections. 
B)  The middle classes voted him into power to block the working-class Communist Party. 
C)  His followers marched on Rome and forced the king to make him prime minister. 
D)  His followers intimidated voters, cast false ballots, and destroyed voting booths in order to secure his election in 1922.

Question 13

The "cult of the offensive," a strategy that officers on both sides in World War I wholeheartedly adopted, was uniquely unsuited to

Accepted Answer

A)  massive civilian armies, which were wholly unused to lightning-strike military tactics. 
B)  the two-front German battle plan developed by Alfred von Schlieffen. 
C)  the rain-soaked, uneven terrain of northeast France, where most of the war was fought. 
D)  the advanced weaponry and unprecedented new machinery developed by that time. 
A)  massive civilian armies, which were wholly unused to lightning-strike military tactics. 
B)  the two-front German battle plan developed by Alfred von Schlieffen. 
C)  the rain-soaked, uneven terrain of northeast France, where most of the war was fought. 
D)  the advanced weaponry and unprecedented new machinery developed by that time.

Question 14

Despite the intention of the Peace of Paris, which was to prevent future conflict in Europe, its resulting treaties actually made future conflicts more likely. Explain why this was the case and what factors played a role in the negotiation and implementation of the postwar settlement.

Accepted Answer

Answer would ideally include the followi

Question 15

Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Germany was slowed in the 1920s by

Accepted Answer

A)  political pressure on the Weimar regime from Britain and France to ban his Nazi Party. 
B)  popular disgust in Germany for his over-the-top autobiography, Mein Kampf. 
C)  his failure to develop a united following. 
D)  the better functioning of the Weimar regime. 
A)  political pressure on the Weimar regime from Britain and France to ban his Nazi Party. 
B)  popular disgust in Germany for his over-the-top autobiography, Mein Kampf. 
C)  his failure to develop a united following. 
D)  the better functioning of the Weimar regime.

Question 16

What did the German high command do in October 1918 to deflect blame for Germany's total defeat away from the military?

Accepted Answer

A)  They helped create an inexperienced civilian government and then claimed that weak-willed civilians had dealt the military a "stab in the back" by forcing a surrender. 
B)  They hired agitators to encourage strikes and sabotage at munitions plants and then claimed they did not have access to enough weapons to win the war. 
C)  They launched a propaganda campaign, calling the army "undefeated" and promising to rebuild and "give the world" a German victory. 
D)  They accused Kaiser Wilhelm II and his aristocratic advisers of having forced the military into waging a foolhardy two-front war against the advice of the generals. 
A)  They helped create an inexperienced civilian government and then claimed that weak-willed civilians had dealt the military a "stab in the back" by forcing a surrender. 
B)  They hired agitators to encourage strikes and sabotage at munitions plants and then claimed they did not have access to enough weapons to win the war. 
C)  They launched a propaganda campaign, calling the army "undefeated" and promising to rebuild and "give the world" a German victory. 
D)  They accused Kaiser Wilhelm II and his aristocratic advisers of having forced the military into waging a foolhardy two-front war against the advice of the generals.

Question 17

According to this map, which of the following territories did Russia lose after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
​
  ​

Accepted Answer

A)  Moscow 
B)  Poland 
C)  Italy 
D)  Turkey 
A)  Moscow 
B)  Poland 
C)  Italy 
D)  Turkey

Question 18

What was the Bauhaus movement, and how was it a reaction to the carnage of the Great War?

Accepted Answer

Answer would ideally include the followi

Question 19

Of all the penalties imposed by the Treaty of Versailles, the one that generated the most outrage in Germany was the

Accepted Answer

A)  so-called war guilt clause. 
B)  demand for 132 billion gold marks in reparations. 
C)  French occupation of the western bank of the Rhine and the coal-rich Saar basin. 
D)  loss of Alsace and Lorraine. 
A)  so-called war guilt clause. 
B)  demand for 132 billion gold marks in reparations. 
C)  French occupation of the western bank of the Rhine and the coal-rich Saar basin. 
D)  loss of Alsace and Lorraine.

Question 20

Which development of the 1920s made it easier for ordinary people to obtain new consumer goods such as refrigerators, washing machines, and stoves?

Accepted Answer

A)  Warehouses sold electrical appliances directly to the consumer at dramatically reduced prices. 
B)  Lower-priced manufactured goods from the colonies, produced by low-paid native labor, were introduced. 
C)  Installment buying allowed families to pay for goods over time. 
D)  The government sponsored loans that were intended to improve veterans' standard of living. 
A)  Warehouses sold electrical appliances directly to the consumer at dramatically reduced prices. 
B)  Lower-priced manufactured goods from the colonies, produced by low-paid native labor, were introduced. 
C)  Installment buying allowed families to pay for goods over time. 
D)  The government sponsored loans that were intended to improve veterans' standard of living.

Exam 25: World War I and Its Aftermath, 1914-1929

The Russian civil war pitted which two groups against each other?

How did women's participation in the war effort on the home front affect debates over gender roles?

The Peace of Paris, which was composed of a cluster of individual treaties negotiated between 1919 and 1920, redrew the map of Europe in which of the following ways?

How did Benito Mussolini consolidate his power and protect himself from political attack after becoming prime minister?

What impact did the total war have on gender roles?

What was the single most significant aspect of German military policy in terms of its provocative effect on the United States and subsequent U.S. involvement in the war?

Throughout Europe, the efforts of governments to support veterans who returned home after World War I were

Why was World War I called a "total war"?

Among all the combatants the world over, which country suffered the greatest number of casualties, with some 7.5 million dead during World War I?

How did postwar popular culture reflect the political and social tumult of the 1920s?

One of the main tasks of the League of Nations was the administration of the mandate system, which entailed

What allowed Benito Mussolini, the leader of the Fascists in Italy, to become prime minister in 1922?

The "cult of the offensive," a strategy that officers on both sides in World War I wholeheartedly adopted, was uniquely unsuited to

Despite the intention of the Peace of Paris, which was to prevent future conflict in Europe, its resulting treaties actually made future conflicts more likely. Explain why this was the case and what factors played a role in the negotiation and implementation of the postwar settlement.

Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Germany was slowed in the 1920s by

What did the German high command do in October 1918 to deflect blame for Germany's total defeat away from the military?

According to this map, which of the following territories did Russia lose after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? ​ ​

What was the Bauhaus movement, and how was it a reaction to the carnage of the Great War?

Of all the penalties imposed by the Treaty of Versailles, the one that generated the most outrage in Germany was the

Which development of the 1920s made it easier for ordinary people to obtain new consumer goods such as refrigerators, washing machines, and stoves?

Early Western Civilization, 400,000-1000 B.C.E

Near East Empires and the Reemergence of Civilization in Greece, 1000-500 B.C.E

The Greek Golden Age, C 500-C 400 B.C.E

From the Classical to the Hellenistic World, 400-30 B.C.E

The Rise of Rome and Its Republic, 753-44 B.C.E

The Creation of the Roman Empire, 44 B.C.E-284 C.E

The Transformation of the Roman Empire, 284-600 C.E

The Heirs of Rome: Islam, Byzantium, and Europe, 600-750

From Centralization to Fragmentation, 750-1050

Commercial Quickening and Religious Reform, 1050-1150

The Flowering of the Middle Ages, 1150-1215

The Medieval Synthesis and Its Cracks, 1215-1340

Crisis and Renaissance, 1340-1492

Global Encounters and the Shock of the Reformation, 1492-1560

Wars of Religion and the Clash of Worldviews, 1560-1648

Absolutism, Constitutionalism, and the Search for Order, 1640-1700

The Atlantic System and Its Consequences, 1700-1750

The Promise of Enlightenment, 1750-1789

The Cataclysm of Revolution, 1789-1799

Napoleon and the Revolutionary Legacy, 1800-1830

Industrialization and Social Ferment, 1830-1850

Politics and Culture of the Nation-State, 1850-1870

Empire, Industry, and Everyday Life, 1870-1890

Modernity and the Road to War, 1890-1914

The Great Depression and World War II, 1929-1945

The Cold War and the Remaking of Europe, 1945-1960s

Postindustrial Society and the End of the Cold War Order, 1960s-1989

A New Globalism, 1989 to the Present

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According to this map, which of the following territories did Russia lose after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?