Question 1

Refer to the figure shown.
  In the figure, which region best represents the Km of the highest affinity enzyme?

Accepted Answer

A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  VII 
D)  IV 
A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  VII 
D)  IV

Question 2

Which substance is considered a second messenger?

Accepted Answer

A)  IP3-gated calcium channel 
B)  Calcium 
C)  Epinephrine 
D)  Adenylyl cyclase 
A)  IP3-gated calcium channel 
B)  Calcium 
C)  Epinephrine 
D)  Adenylyl cyclase

Question 3

A ring of _______ demarcates the apical surface of the cell from its lateral and basal surfaces.

Accepted Answer

A)  tight junctions 
B)  septate junctions 
C)  gap junctions 
D)  microvilli 
A)  tight junctions 
B)  septate junctions 
C)  gap junctions 
D)  microvilli

Question 4

Which of the following tags proteins for destruction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Proteasome 
B)  Ubiquitin 
C)  Molecular chaperone 
D)  Heat-shock protein 
A)  Proteasome 
B)  Ubiquitin 
C)  Molecular chaperone 
D)  Heat-shock protein

Question 5

Why have many venomous animals evolved venoms that disrupt the gating mechanism of the voltage-gated sodium channel?

Accepted Answer

A)  Disrupting the voltage-gated sodium channel would slow the prey's metabolism. 
B)  Disrupting the voltage-gated sodium channel would slow the prey's ability to manufacture ATP. 
C)  Disrupting the voltage-gated sodium channel would block oxygen transport. 
D)  Disrupting the voltage-gated sodium channel would disrupt the nervous system. 
A)  Disrupting the voltage-gated sodium channel would slow the prey's metabolism. 
B)  Disrupting the voltage-gated sodium channel would slow the prey's ability to manufacture ATP. 
C)  Disrupting the voltage-gated sodium channel would block oxygen transport. 
D)  Disrupting the voltage-gated sodium channel would disrupt the nervous system.

Question 6

Refer to the figure shown.
  If more substrate is added to the reaction system of line C in the figure, what would be the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

A)  The curve of line C would shift toward line B. 
B)  The Vmax will increase. 
C)  Km will decrease. 
D)  The curve will remain the same. 
A)  The curve of line C would shift toward line B. 
B)  The Vmax will increase. 
C)  Km will decrease. 
D)  The curve will remain the same.

Question 7

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which letter in the figure represents high affinity?

Accepted Answer

A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  V 
A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  V

Question 8

An enzymatic reaction is proceeding at subsaturation. Which of the following is not a means by which the enzymatic reaction can be increased?

Accepted Answer

A)  Adding more substrate 
B)  Adding more enzyme 
C)  Increasing the catalytic effectiveness 
D)  Increasing the temperature 
A)  Adding more substrate 
B)  Adding more enzyme 
C)  Increasing the catalytic effectiveness 
D)  Increasing the temperature

Question 9

Which of the following is directly involved in covalent modulation?

Accepted Answer

A)  The Na+‒K+ pump 
B)  Protein kinases 
C)  van der Waals interactions 
D)  Calcium 
A)  The Na+‒K+ pump 
B)  Protein kinases 
C)  van der Waals interactions 
D)  Calcium

Question 10

A saturated hydrocarbon tends to

Accepted Answer

A)  be more liquid at colder temperatures compared to an unsaturated hydrocarbon. 
B)  be more solid at colder temperatures compared to an unsaturated hydrocarbon. 
C)  contain many double bonds. 
D)  contain fewer carbon-carbon bonds compared to an unsaturated hydrocarbon. 
A)  be more liquid at colder temperatures compared to an unsaturated hydrocarbon. 
B)  be more solid at colder temperatures compared to an unsaturated hydrocarbon. 
C)  contain many double bonds. 
D)  contain fewer carbon-carbon bonds compared to an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

Question 11

How does the killifish demonstrate the present-day operation of evolutionary forces?

Accepted Answer

The killifish that live along the entire

Question 12

Describe how amplification works in the cell and why it is important.

Accepted Answer

In the cell, if any agent that is activa

Question 13

Describe what it means for a phospholipid to be amphipathic and how this feature is paramount in the formation of the membrane.

Accepted Answer

The cell membrane is composed of bilayer

Question 14

Which statement regarding enzymes is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  All enzymes are catalysts. 
B)  Enzymes have substrates and products. 
C)  Enzymes speed chemical reactions. 
D)  All catalysts are enzymes. 
A)  All enzymes are catalysts. 
B)  Enzymes have substrates and products. 
C)  Enzymes speed chemical reactions. 
D)  All catalysts are enzymes.

Question 15

Which molecule is part of a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cholesterol 
B)  Ubiquitin 
C)  Cyclic AMP 
D)  Calmodulin 
A)  Cholesterol 
B)  Ubiquitin 
C)  Cyclic AMP 
D)  Calmodulin

Question 16

Why have many venomous animals evolved venoms that break down phospholipids?

Accepted Answer

A)  Phospholipids are an important component of venom. 
B)  Phospholipids are important in sensing predators. 
C)  Phospholipids are the key to muscular contraction. 
D)  Phospholipids are the fundamental structure of all cell membranes and intracellular membranes. 
A)  Phospholipids are an important component of venom. 
B)  Phospholipids are important in sensing predators. 
C)  Phospholipids are the key to muscular contraction. 
D)  Phospholipids are the fundamental structure of all cell membranes and intracellular membranes.

Question 17

Which molecule is a functional membrane protein?

Accepted Answer

A)  Acetylcholine 
B)  Cholesterol 
C)  The Na+‒K+ pump 
D)  Calmodulin 
A)  Acetylcholine 
B)  Cholesterol 
C)  The Na+‒K+ pump 
D)  Calmodulin

Question 18

Which statement regarding allosteric modulation is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The binding of an allosteric modulator follows the law of mass action. 
B)  The binding of an allosteric modulator is irreversible. 
C)  An allosteric modulator, when present, will always bind to the enzyme it modulates. 
D)  The binding of an allosteric modulator always increases the catalytic activity of the enzyme. 
A)  The binding of an allosteric modulator follows the law of mass action. 
B)  The binding of an allosteric modulator is irreversible. 
C)  An allosteric modulator, when present, will always bind to the enzyme it modulates. 
D)  The binding of an allosteric modulator always increases the catalytic activity of the enzyme.

Question 19

If a protein in situ becomes partially denatured because of high temperature, the denaturation can be reversed by a

Accepted Answer

A)  molecular chaperone. 
B)  proteasome. 
C)  ubiquitin. 
D)  peptidase. 
A)  molecular chaperone. 
B)  proteasome. 
C)  ubiquitin. 
D)  peptidase.

Question 20

_______ enzymes are present in a tissue in relatively high and steady amounts regardless of conditions, whereas _______ enzymes are present at low levels (or not at all) in a tissue unless their synthesis is activated.

Accepted Answer

A)  Inducible; constitutive 
B)  Promotable; constitutive 
C)  Constitutive; inducible 
D)  Expressed; promotable 
A)  Inducible; constitutive 
B)  Promotable; constitutive 
C)  Constitutive; inducible 
D)  Expressed; promotable

Exam 2: Molecules and Cells in Animal Physiology

Refer to the figure shown. In the figure, which region best represents the Km of the highest affinity enzyme?

Which substance is considered a second messenger?

A ring of _______ demarcates the apical surface of the cell from its lateral and basal surfaces.

Which of the following tags proteins for destruction?

Why have many venomous animals evolved venoms that disrupt the gating mechanism of the voltage-gated sodium channel?

Refer to the figure shown. If more substrate is added to the reaction system of line C in the figure, what would be the most likely outcome?

Refer to the figure shown. Which letter in the figure represents high affinity?

An enzymatic reaction is proceeding at subsaturation. Which of the following is not a means by which the enzymatic reaction can be increased?

Which of the following is directly involved in covalent modulation?

A saturated hydrocarbon tends to

How does the killifish demonstrate the present-day operation of evolutionary forces?

Describe how amplification works in the cell and why it is important.

Describe what it means for a phospholipid to be amphipathic and how this feature is paramount in the formation of the membrane.

Which statement regarding enzymes is false?

Which molecule is part of a cell membrane?

Why have many venomous animals evolved venoms that break down phospholipids?

Which molecule is a functional membrane protein?

Which statement regarding allosteric modulation is true?

If a protein in situ becomes partially denatured because of high temperature, the denaturation can be reversed by a

_______ enzymes are present in a tissue in relatively high and steady amounts regardless of conditions, whereas _______ enzymes are present at low levels (or not at all) in a tissue unless their synthesis is activated.

Animals and Environments: Function on the Ecological Stage

Genomics, Proteomics, and Related Approaches to Physiology

Physiological Development and Epigenetics

Transport of Solutes and Water

Nutrition, Feeding, and Digestion

Energy Metabolism

Aerobic and Anaerobic Forms of Metabolism

The Energetics of Aerobic Activity

Thermal Relations

Food, Energy, and Temperature at Work: The Lives of Mammals in Frigid Places

Neurons

Synapses

Sensory Processes

Nervous System Organization and Biological Clocks

Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Physiology

Reproduction

Integrating Systems at Work: Animal Navigation

Control of Movement

Muscle

Movement and Muscle at Work: Plasticity in Response to Use and Disuse

Introduction to Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Physiology

External Respiration: the Physiology of Breathing

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Body Fluids With an Introduction to Acid- Base Physiology

Circulation

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Internal Transport at Work: Diving by Marine Mammals

Water and Salt Physiology: Introduction and Mechanisms

Kidneys and Excretion With Notes on Nitrogen Excretion

Water, Salts, and Excretion at Work: Mammals of Deserts and Dry Savannas

Water and Salt Physiology of Animals in Their Environments

Filters

Refer to the figure shown. In the figure, which region best represents the K_m of the highest affinity enzyme?

_ enzymes are present in a tissue in relatively high and steady amounts regardless of conditions, whereas _ enzymes are present at low levels (or not at all) in a tissue unless their synthesis is activated.