Question 1

Which is the most primitive organism that contains genes for nervous system organization?

Accepted Answer

A)  Protists 
B)  Sponges 
C)  Arthropods 
D)  Echinoderms 
A)  Protists 
B)  Sponges 
C)  Arthropods 
D)  Echinoderms

Question 2

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which statement about the figure is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Both hedgehogs and star-nosed moles demonstrate localization of cerebral cortical function. 
B)  Star-nosed moles can hear. 
C)  Hedgehogs are incredibly specialized visual animals. 
D)  In star-nosed moles, large amounts of sensory information are sent from their star noses to their brains. 
A)  Both hedgehogs and star-nosed moles demonstrate localization of cerebral cortical function. 
B)  Star-nosed moles can hear. 
C)  Hedgehogs are incredibly specialized visual animals. 
D)  In star-nosed moles, large amounts of sensory information are sent from their star noses to their brains.

Question 3

The preganglionic neuron of the sympathetic system releases the neurotransmitter

Accepted Answer

A)  acetylcholine. 
B)  epinephrine/norepinephrine. 
C)  glutamate. 
D)  GABA. 
A)  acetylcholine. 
B)  epinephrine/norepinephrine. 
C)  glutamate. 
D)  GABA.

Question 4

What would be the effect of applying epinephrine/norepinephrine to the paravertebral ganglia in the upper thoracic area?

Accepted Answer

A)  Acceleration of heart rate 
B)  Deceleration of heart rate 
C)  Complete stopping of the heart 
D)  There is no effect. 
A)  Acceleration of heart rate 
B)  Deceleration of heart rate 
C)  Complete stopping of the heart 
D)  There is no effect.

Question 5

Refer to the figure shown.
  The labels in the figure correspond to which parts of the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

A)  I = somatic; II = parasympathetic; III = sympathetic 
B)  I = sympathetic; II = parasympathetic; III = somatic 
C)  I = somatic; II = autonomic; III = sympathetic 
D)  I = peripheral; II = autonomic; III = somatic 
A)  I = somatic; II = parasympathetic; III = sympathetic 
B)  I = sympathetic; II = parasympathetic; III = somatic 
C)  I = somatic; II = autonomic; III = sympathetic 
D)  I = peripheral; II = autonomic; III = somatic

Question 6

A surprise phone call at 3 AM would likely cause which physiological reaction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased salivation 
B)  Pupil dilation 
C)  Increased digestion 
D)  Decreased glucose production 
A)  Increased salivation 
B)  Pupil dilation 
C)  Increased digestion 
D)  Decreased glucose production

Question 7

Refer to the figure shown.
  What is the likely experimental procedure is indicated by the arrow in the figure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Removal of the medial pituitary 
B)  Destruction of the hypothalamus 
C)  Removal of the cerebral cortex 
D)  Destruction of the suprachiasmatic nucleus 
A)  Removal of the medial pituitary 
B)  Destruction of the hypothalamus 
C)  Removal of the cerebral cortex 
D)  Destruction of the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 8

Describe the two major trends in nervous system evolution once animal lineages became bilaterally symmetrical.

Accepted Answer

The two major trends that characterize t

Question 9

Interneurons are located in

Accepted Answer

A)  the central nervous system. 
B)  the peripheral nervous system. 
C)  the somatic system. 
D)  the autonomic system. 
A)  the central nervous system. 
B)  the peripheral nervous system. 
C)  the somatic system. 
D)  the autonomic system.

Question 10

When the suprachiasmatic nucleus in a horse is destroyed,

Accepted Answer

A)  circadian rhythm becomes free-running. 
B)  a zeitgeber is induced. 
C)  the animal loses its ability to navigate. 
D)  most circadian activity ceases. 
A)  circadian rhythm becomes free-running. 
B)  a zeitgeber is induced. 
C)  the animal loses its ability to navigate. 
D)  most circadian activity ceases.

Question 11

Explain how the pineal gland may operate differently in nonmammalian vertebrates compared to mammals.

Accepted Answer

The pineal physiology of nonmammalian ve

Question 12

In mammals, what inhibits the activity of CLOCK/BMAL1?

Accepted Answer

A)  PER 
B)  period mRNA 
C)  PER/CRY 
D)  PER/TIM 
A)  PER 
B)  period mRNA 
C)  PER/CRY 
D)  PER/TIM

Question 13

Refer to the figure shown.
  Describe the effect of adding acetylcholine to the area indicated by arrow IV in the figure.

Accepted Answer

A)  Acceleration of heart rate 
B)  Deceleration of heart rate 
C)  Complete stopping of the heart 
D)  There is no effect. 
A)  Acceleration of heart rate 
B)  Deceleration of heart rate 
C)  Complete stopping of the heart 
D)  There is no effect.

Question 14

Which of the following is the effector in the startle response of the cockroach?

Accepted Answer

A)  Movement of filiform hair receptors 
B)  Action potentials in the giant interneuron 
C)  Contraction of the hind leg muscle 
D)  A train of action potentials produced by the leg motor neuron. 
A)  Movement of filiform hair receptors 
B)  Action potentials in the giant interneuron 
C)  Contraction of the hind leg muscle 
D)  A train of action potentials produced by the leg motor neuron.

Question 15

How do star-nosed moles exemplify the principles of brain functional organization?

Accepted Answer

The star-nosed mole provides a great exa

Question 16

Rhythms that continue in the absence of environmental information about time are called

Accepted Answer

A)  entrained rhythms. 
B)  endogenous rhythms. 
C)  circadian rhythms. 
D)  free-running circadian rhythms. 
A)  entrained rhythms. 
B)  endogenous rhythms. 
C)  circadian rhythms. 
D)  free-running circadian rhythms.

Question 17

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which neurotransmitter is being released at arrow V?

Accepted Answer

A)  Acetylcholine 
B)  Epinephrine/norepinephrine 
C)  Glutamate 
D)  GABA 
A)  Acetylcholine 
B)  Epinephrine/norepinephrine 
C)  Glutamate 
D)  GABA

Question 18

Refer to the figure shown.
  Describe the effect of adding acetylcholine to the area indicated by arrow V in the figure.

Accepted Answer

A)  Acceleration of heart rate 
B)  Deceleration of heart rate 
C)  Complete stopping of the heart 
D)  There is no effect. 
A)  Acceleration of heart rate 
B)  Deceleration of heart rate 
C)  Complete stopping of the heart 
D)  There is no effect.

Question 19

Which statement regarding biological clocks is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The period of an animal's free-running rhythm is not affected by light‒dark cycles. 
B)  Biological clocks are very sensitive to internal (cellular) temperature. 
C)  Nocturnal animals often have periods of free-running rhythms much shorter than 24 hours. 
D)  Biological clocks permit the timing of processes during 24-hour periods when environmental cues are unreliable. 
A)  The period of an animal's free-running rhythm is not affected by light‒dark cycles. 
B)  Biological clocks are very sensitive to internal (cellular) temperature. 
C)  Nocturnal animals often have periods of free-running rhythms much shorter than 24 hours. 
D)  Biological clocks permit the timing of processes during 24-hour periods when environmental cues are unreliable.

Exam 15: Nervous System Organization and Biological Clocks

Which is the most primitive organism that contains genes for nervous system organization?

Refer to the figure shown. Which statement about the figure is false?

The preganglionic neuron of the sympathetic system releases the neurotransmitter

What would be the effect of applying epinephrine/norepinephrine to the paravertebral ganglia in the upper thoracic area?

Refer to the figure shown. The labels in the figure correspond to which parts of the nervous system?

A surprise phone call at 3 AM would likely cause which physiological reaction?

Refer to the figure shown. What is the likely experimental procedure is indicated by the arrow in the figure?

Describe the two major trends in nervous system evolution once animal lineages became bilaterally symmetrical.

Interneurons are located in

When the suprachiasmatic nucleus in a horse is destroyed,

Explain how the pineal gland may operate differently in nonmammalian vertebrates compared to mammals.

In mammals, what inhibits the activity of CLOCK/BMAL1?

Refer to the figure shown. Describe the effect of adding acetylcholine to the area indicated by arrow IV in the figure.

Which of the following is the effector in the startle response of the cockroach?

How do star-nosed moles exemplify the principles of brain functional organization?

Rhythms that continue in the absence of environmental information about time are called

Refer to the figure shown. Which neurotransmitter is being released at arrow V?

Refer to the figure shown. Describe the effect of adding acetylcholine to the area indicated by arrow V in the figure.

Which statement regarding biological clocks is true?

Animals and Environments: Function on the Ecological Stage

Molecules and Cells in Animal Physiology

Genomics, Proteomics, and Related Approaches to Physiology

Physiological Development and Epigenetics

Transport of Solutes and Water

Nutrition, Feeding, and Digestion

Energy Metabolism

Aerobic and Anaerobic Forms of Metabolism

The Energetics of Aerobic Activity

Thermal Relations

Food, Energy, and Temperature at Work: The Lives of Mammals in Frigid Places

Neurons

Synapses

Sensory Processes

Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Physiology

Reproduction

Integrating Systems at Work: Animal Navigation

Control of Movement

Muscle

Movement and Muscle at Work: Plasticity in Response to Use and Disuse

Introduction to Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Physiology

External Respiration: the Physiology of Breathing

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Body Fluids With an Introduction to Acid- Base Physiology

Circulation

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Internal Transport at Work: Diving by Marine Mammals

Water and Salt Physiology: Introduction and Mechanisms

Kidneys and Excretion With Notes on Nitrogen Excretion

Water, Salts, and Excretion at Work: Mammals of Deserts and Dry Savannas

Water and Salt Physiology of Animals in Their Environments

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