Question 1

In vertebrates, melatonin is secreted in a circadian rhythm from the

Accepted Answer

A)  pineal gland. 
B)  suprachiasmatic nucleus. 
C)  circadian oscillator. 
D)  clock genes. 
A)  pineal gland. 
B)  suprachiasmatic nucleus. 
C)  circadian oscillator. 
D)  clock genes.

Question 2

Refer to the figure shown.
  According to this figure, the light‒dark cycle _______ the physiological rhythms.

Accepted Answer

A)  disrupts 
B)  phases 
C)  entrains 
D)  synchronizes 
A)  disrupts 
B)  phases 
C)  entrains 
D)  synchronizes

Question 3

Which statement about the features of a nervous system is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The transmission rate is relatively slow. 
B)  Neurotransmitter release takes place throughout the body via the blood. 
C)  Neurons form highly discrete lines of communication. 
D)  In the PNS, a nerve consists of the axons of five or fewer neurons bundled together. 
A)  The transmission rate is relatively slow. 
B)  Neurotransmitter release takes place throughout the body via the blood. 
C)  Neurons form highly discrete lines of communication. 
D)  In the PNS, a nerve consists of the axons of five or fewer neurons bundled together.

Question 4

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which number(s) in the figure represent(s) the hindbrain?

Accepted Answer

A)  III 
B)  III and IV 
C)  IV 
D)  IV and V 
A)  III 
B)  III and IV 
C)  IV 
D)  IV and V

Question 5

Compare and contrast the organization of arthropod and vertebrate central nervous systems.

Accepted Answer

Both the arthropod and vertebrate centra

Question 6

Compare and contrast free-running circadian rhythms of nocturnal and diurnal mammals.

Accepted Answer

Free-running circadian rhythms of both n

Question 7

A map of the body projected to a brain area is called a

Accepted Answer

A)  somatotopic map. 
B)  sensory homunculus. 
C)  motor homunculus. 
D)  localization-of-function map. 
A)  somatotopic map. 
B)  sensory homunculus. 
C)  motor homunculus. 
D)  localization-of-function map.

Question 8

Briefly explain what is meant by synaptic plasticity. Provide one example.

Accepted Answer

Synaptic plasticity refers to changes in

Question 9

Refer to the figure shown.
  In the figure, the "+" symbol represents stimulation, increase, or constriction, and the "-" symbol represents inhibition, decrease, or relaxation. Which numeral in the figure is paired incorrectly with the symbol?

Accepted Answer

A)  III 
B)  IV 
C)  V 
D)  VI 
A)  III 
B)  IV 
C)  V 
D)  VI

Question 10

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which statement best reflects the adaptive significance of brain representations in the star-nosed mole?

Accepted Answer

A)  The comparatively large brain representations reflect the importance of somatosensory functions. 
B)  The mole shows evidence of plasticity of brain development. 
C)  The brain of the mole has very little area devoted to auditory processes. 
D)  The brain of the mole demonstrates a clear visual processing area. 
A)  The comparatively large brain representations reflect the importance of somatosensory functions. 
B)  The mole shows evidence of plasticity of brain development. 
C)  The brain of the mole has very little area devoted to auditory processes. 
D)  The brain of the mole demonstrates a clear visual processing area.

Question 11

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which statement is the most accurate conclusion that can be drawn from the data in the figure?

Accepted Answer

A)  The hamster's hypothalamus was destroyed, and therefore it could not control the animal's circadian rhythm. 
B)  The thalamus is significantly involved in the circadian rhythm of the golden hamster. 
C)  The suprachiasmatic nuclei are significantly involved in the circadian rhythm of the golden hamster. 
D)  The suprachiasmatic nuclei are likely not involved in the circadian rhythm of the golden hamster. 
A)  The hamster's hypothalamus was destroyed, and therefore it could not control the animal's circadian rhythm. 
B)  The thalamus is significantly involved in the circadian rhythm of the golden hamster. 
C)  The suprachiasmatic nuclei are significantly involved in the circadian rhythm of the golden hamster. 
D)  The suprachiasmatic nuclei are likely not involved in the circadian rhythm of the golden hamster.

Question 12

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which statement about the result of the experimental procedure indicated by the arrow in the figure is the most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)  The circadian oscillator was activated. 
B)  The free-running circadian activity ceased. 
C)  A zeitgeber was induced. 
D)  Activity remained constant. 
A)  The circadian oscillator was activated. 
B)  The free-running circadian activity ceased. 
C)  A zeitgeber was induced. 
D)  Activity remained constant.

Question 13

Explain a somatotopic map.

Accepted Answer

A somatotopic map is a representation of

Question 14

Refer to the figure shown.
  In the figure, how many arrows (including labeled and unlabeled) are in the vicinity of a possible EPSP?

Accepted Answer

A)  Three 
B)  Four 
C)  Five 
D)  Eight 
A)  Three 
B)  Four 
C)  Five 
D)  Eight

Question 15

Which of the following is a documented benefit of biological rhythms?

Accepted Answer

A)  increased response to external cues 
B)  increased sensory responses in locating food 
C)  escape from predators 
D)  determining compass directions from the sun 
A)  increased response to external cues 
B)  increased sensory responses in locating food 
C)  escape from predators 
D)  determining compass directions from the sun

Question 16

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which statement about the figure is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  The two rhythms shown here are in phase. 
B)  The rhythms are entrained to the light‒dark cycle. 
C)  The period of this rhythm is about 24 hours. 
D)  The figure likely represents a nocturnal animal. 
A)  The two rhythms shown here are in phase. 
B)  The rhythms are entrained to the light‒dark cycle. 
C)  The period of this rhythm is about 24 hours. 
D)  The figure likely represents a nocturnal animal.

Question 17

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which label is not appropriate for the y-axis of the figure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Growth 
B)  Metabolic rate 
C)  Oxygen consumption 
D)  Urine output 
A)  Growth 
B)  Metabolic rate 
C)  Oxygen consumption 
D)  Urine output

Question 18

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which number in the figure best corresponds to the area of the brain responsible for autonomic and respiratory control?

Accepted Answer

A)  II 
B)  III 
C)  IV 
D)  V 
A)  II 
B)  III 
C)  IV 
D)  V

Question 19

Describe what is meant by entrainment and provide an example.

Accepted Answer

Entrainment is the process by which a bi

Question 20

Which statement best describes the mechanism for circadian rhythm?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is an alternation between enhanced and inhibited expression of clock genes. 
B)  Clock genes inhibit gene expression of positive elements. 
C)  Clock genes inhibit expression of negative elements. 
D)  The time-keeping mechanism depends only on the breakdown of negative elements. 
A)  There is an alternation between enhanced and inhibited expression of clock genes. 
B)  Clock genes inhibit gene expression of positive elements. 
C)  Clock genes inhibit expression of negative elements. 
D)  The time-keeping mechanism depends only on the breakdown of negative elements.

Exam 15: Nervous System Organization and Biological Clocks

In vertebrates, melatonin is secreted in a circadian rhythm from the

Refer to the figure shown. According to this figure, the light‒dark cycle _______ the physiological rhythms.

Which statement about the features of a nervous system is true?

Refer to the figure shown. Which number(s) in the figure represent(s) the hindbrain?

Compare and contrast the organization of arthropod and vertebrate central nervous systems.

Compare and contrast free-running circadian rhythms of nocturnal and diurnal mammals.

A map of the body projected to a brain area is called a

Briefly explain what is meant by synaptic plasticity. Provide one example.

Refer to the figure shown. In the figure, the "+" symbol represents stimulation, increase, or constriction, and the "-" symbol represents inhibition, decrease, or relaxation. Which numeral in the figure is paired incorrectly with the symbol?

Refer to the figure shown. Which statement best reflects the adaptive significance of brain representations in the star-nosed mole?

Refer to the figure shown. Which statement is the most accurate conclusion that can be drawn from the data in the figure?

Refer to the figure shown. Which statement about the result of the experimental procedure indicated by the arrow in the figure is the most accurate?

Explain a somatotopic map.

Refer to the figure shown. In the figure, how many arrows (including labeled and unlabeled) are in the vicinity of a possible EPSP?

Which of the following is a documented benefit of biological rhythms?

Refer to the figure shown. Which statement about the figure is false?

Refer to the figure shown. Which label is not appropriate for the y-axis of the figure?

Refer to the figure shown. Which number in the figure best corresponds to the area of the brain responsible for autonomic and respiratory control?

Describe what is meant by entrainment and provide an example.

Which statement best describes the mechanism for circadian rhythm?

Animals and Environments: Function on the Ecological Stage

Molecules and Cells in Animal Physiology

Genomics, Proteomics, and Related Approaches to Physiology

Physiological Development and Epigenetics

Transport of Solutes and Water

Nutrition, Feeding, and Digestion

Energy Metabolism

Aerobic and Anaerobic Forms of Metabolism

The Energetics of Aerobic Activity

Thermal Relations

Food, Energy, and Temperature at Work: The Lives of Mammals in Frigid Places

Neurons

Synapses

Sensory Processes

Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Physiology

Reproduction

Integrating Systems at Work: Animal Navigation

Control of Movement

Muscle

Movement and Muscle at Work: Plasticity in Response to Use and Disuse

Introduction to Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Physiology

External Respiration: the Physiology of Breathing

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Body Fluids With an Introduction to Acid- Base Physiology

Circulation

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Internal Transport at Work: Diving by Marine Mammals

Water and Salt Physiology: Introduction and Mechanisms

Kidneys and Excretion With Notes on Nitrogen Excretion

Water, Salts, and Excretion at Work: Mammals of Deserts and Dry Savannas

Water and Salt Physiology of Animals in Their Environments

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