Exam 7: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Hypernatremia can theoretically be caused by either an increase in sodium or a(n):

Explain what factors influence the movement of solutes.

Total urine output is the sum of obligatory urine and facultative urine.

Precise determination of _______________ water is not possible; it is thus usually estimated by using intakes of carbohydrate, protein, and _______________ as variables.

List the three general categories of alterations in fluid balance.

The protein hormone secreted by the heart muscle cells that regulates the homeostatic control of body water, sodium, and potassium is called _______________.

Transcellular fluids are those fluids found in secretions within _______________.

Loss of gastric acids through vomiting can lead to:

The medication cyclosporine can cause excessive urinary loss of which electrolyte?

What is the specific gravity of water?

Calcium gluconate, given intravenously, can reverse the effects of _______________.

Calculate the fluid deficit for a 65-kg female with a serum sodium of 160 mEq/L.

Medications such as diuretics are often prescribed to purposefully increase the ECF volume.

What is likely to occur when body cells are exposed to a hypertonic solution?

What is the most common cause of hyperkalemia?

Hypercalcemia is defined as a serum calcium level:

Acute or chronic renal failure is the most common clinical condition associated with hypophosphatemia.

The mechanism of thirst is regulated by the _______________.

Which of the following statements is true of diuresis?

Explain the types of solutes in the body, including the major electrolytes.