Exam 17: Diseases of the Endocrine System

JK is a 19-year-old male college student with T1DM. He stays away from home and does not follow a proper diet. His school schedule is erratic; therefore, he eats throughout the day. Currently, he takes extended long-acting analogue insulin once per day. By 8 P.M., his blood sugar levels start dropping to a very low value. Also, biochemical analysis shows trace amount of ketones in his blood. Height: 5'10"        Weight: 175 pounds          Hemoglobin A1C: 9% -If JK and his doctor decide to change to multiple daily injections, what is the most important thing that JK should learn from his dietitian?

What is the common name for chronic adrenal insufficiency?

The pituitary stalk connects the pituitary gland to the _____.

Which amino acid is the precursor of the thyroid hormones?

Symptoms of hypoglycemia occur when plasma glucose levels reach:

Which hormones are synthesized by the hypothalamus but released by the posterior pituitary?

Which of the following pharmaceutical agents are used in treatment of reactive hypoglycemia in order to slow gastric emptying and intestinal motility and inhibit vagal stimulation of insulin release?

Describe the endocrine cells of the pancreas.

Reactive hypoglycemia may occur in individuals with diabetes due to administration of insufficient insulin or oral diabetes medications.

_______________ measure the amount of glucose bound to hemoglobin.

Discuss the etiology of hypothyroidism throughout the world.

In its active form, insulin consists of two _______________ chains linked by _______________ bridges between cysteine molecules.

List the basic types of insulin delivery regimens.

Aldosterone directly influences the kidney to retain _______________, and thus has an integral role in regulating fluid balance and blood volume.

Islet cell autoantibodies serve as indicators of the body's destructive immune response against its own delta-cells.

Active insulin enters the blood via the _______________ vein and has an approximate half-life of _______________ minutes.

_______________ syndrome, also called hypercortisolism, is a rare disorder caused by chronic exposure to excessive circulating cortisol.

Individuals using conventional therapy to treat diabetes mellitus must synchronize administration of their insulin and food intake to avoid _______________.

The anabolic effect of insulin on protein metabolism produces a positive _______________ balance.

Of the four meal planning approaches used in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), the most successful was _______________counting.