Question 1

Eukaryotic parasites, such as Giardia lamblia, are usually diagnosed by

Accepted Answer

A)  immunofluorescence. 
B)  PCR. 
C)  RFLP. 
D)  biochemical testing. 
E)  direct microscopy. 
A)  immunofluorescence. 
B)  PCR. 
C)  RFLP. 
D)  biochemical testing. 
E)  direct microscopy. E

Question 2

The graph shown below diagrams the number of cases of a disease versus time. The high peak near the right-hand side would be considered a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  prevalence. 
B)  incidence. 
C)  endemic. 
D)  epidemic. 
E)  pandemic. 
A)  prevalence. 
B)  incidence. 
C)  endemic. 
D)  epidemic. 
E)  pandemic. D

Question 3

The Lancefield groupings are for ________ bacteria and are based on ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Streptococcus; carbohydrate peptidoglycans 
B)  Escherichia; lipopolysaccharides 
C)  Staphylococcus; peptidoglycan amino acids 
D)  Neisseria; hopanoids 
E)  Pseudomonas; optochin sensitivity 
A)  Streptococcus; carbohydrate peptidoglycans 
B)  Escherichia; lipopolysaccharides 
C)  Staphylococcus; peptidoglycan amino acids 
D)  Neisseria; hopanoids 
E)  Pseudomonas; optochin sensitivity A

Question 4

The use of a laminar flow hood when studying the organism Francisella tularensis is an example of level ________ biological safety.

Accepted Answer

A)  0 
B)  I 
C)  II 
D)  III 
E)  IV 
A)  0 
B)  I 
C)  II 
D)  III 
E)  IV

Question 5

The clinical microbiology laboratory just received a sputum (deep-lung) sample that so far has been very slow-growing in nonselective agar, as well as not Gram stainable. What tests should be performed next, and why?

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary. Based on the case his

Question 6

The figure below shows cells stained bright fuchsia. This stain is called a(an) ________ and is used to stain ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Gram stain; Bacillus anthracis 
B)  Gram stain; Mycobacterium sp. 
C)  acid-fast stain; Mycobacterium sp. 
D)  acid-fast stain; Bacillus anthracis 
E)  Ziehl-Neelsen; Bacillus anthracis 
A)  Gram stain; Bacillus anthracis 
B)  Gram stain; Mycobacterium sp. 
C)  acid-fast stain; Mycobacterium sp. 
D)  acid-fast stain; Bacillus anthracis 
E)  Ziehl-Neelsen; Bacillus anthracis

Question 7

When sampling clinical specimens to determine the cause of a disease, samples are often plated on selective media. The reason for this is to

Accepted Answer

A)  initiate an epidemiological investigation. 
B)  prevent the growth of normal flora. 
C)  determine the antibiotic resistance prior to isolation of the pathogen. 
D)  prevent aerobes from growing. 
E)  ensure proper biosafety procedures. 
A)  initiate an epidemiological investigation. 
B)  prevent the growth of normal flora. 
C)  determine the antibiotic resistance prior to isolation of the pathogen. 
D)  prevent aerobes from growing. 
E)  ensure proper biosafety procedures.

Question 8

Chocolate agar is considered ________ in comparison to blood agar.

Accepted Answer

A)  more nutrient rich (capable of growing a greater variety of bacteria) 
B)  less nutrient rich (capable of growing fewer variety of bacteria) 
C)  equally nutrient rich (since they both contain red blood cells) 
D)  a chemically defined media (whereas blood agar is not) 
E)  better for determining hemolytic bacterial reactions 
A)  more nutrient rich (capable of growing a greater variety of bacteria) 
B)  less nutrient rich (capable of growing fewer variety of bacteria) 
C)  equally nutrient rich (since they both contain red blood cells) 
D)  a chemically defined media (whereas blood agar is not) 
E)  better for determining hemolytic bacterial reactions

Question 9

Looking at the laboratory results presented here, what three interpretations can be made?
 $\begin{array}{|l|c|c|c}
\hline & \text { Colony 1 } & \text { Colony 2 } & \text { Colony 3 } \
\hline \text { Growth on blood agar } & \text { No growth } & \text { Growth } & \text { Growth } \
\hline \text { Growth on Hektoen agar } & \text { No growth } & \text { No growth } & \text { Growth } \
\hline \text { Growth of chocolate agar } & \text { Growth } & \text { Growth } & \text { Growth }
\end{array}$

Accepted Answer

Many different interpretations are possi

Question 10

Which of the following clinical specimens would be expected to be sterile in a healthy individual?

Accepted Answer

A)  blood 
B)  urine 
C)  sputum 
D)  stool 
E)  skin and wound swabs 
A)  blood 
B)  urine 
C)  sputum 
D)  stool 
E)  skin and wound swabs

Question 11

The following are all concerns of the influence of global climate change on infectious diseases EXCEPT that

Accepted Answer

A)  global climate change will increase the incidence of antibiotic resistance. 
B)  the habitat of insect vectors increases in size as temperatures rise. 
C)  extending ranges of vectors may bring them in contact with new hosts. 
D)  climate change may bring more flooding, thus increasing the spread of gastrointestinal illness. 
E)  infectious disease cycles may speed up or extend through longer portions of the year. 
A)  global climate change will increase the incidence of antibiotic resistance. 
B)  the habitat of insect vectors increases in size as temperatures rise. 
C)  extending ranges of vectors may bring them in contact with new hosts. 
D)  climate change may bring more flooding, thus increasing the spread of gastrointestinal illness. 
E)  infectious disease cycles may speed up or extend through longer portions of the year.

Question 12

Humans are an incidental (dead-end) host in which clinical disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  West Nile virus 
B)  Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
C)  Streptococcus pyogenes 
D)  Staphylococcus aureas 
E)  picornavirus 
A)  West Nile virus 
B)  Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
C)  Streptococcus pyogenes 
D)  Staphylococcus aureas 
E)  picornavirus

Question 13

How would a serum antibody ELISA work in the detection of Lyme disease?

Accepted Answer

Serum antibody ELISA first starts with a

Question 14

Which of the following criteria is NOT required in order for a mosquito-borne virus to become endemic in a new location?

Accepted Answer

A)  A person infected elsewhere must travel to the new area. 
B)  A local mosquito must bite a person who has the disease in order to spread it to someone else. 
C)  The virus must move from an Aedes mosquito to another insect vector. 
D)  The virus must move from the local mosquito to a local animal that can then serve as a reservoir. 
E)  The local mosquito must bite another human in that area and give him or her the disease. 
A)  A person infected elsewhere must travel to the new area. 
B)  A local mosquito must bite a person who has the disease in order to spread it to someone else. 
C)  The virus must move from an Aedes mosquito to another insect vector. 
D)  The virus must move from the local mosquito to a local animal that can then serve as a reservoir. 
E)  The local mosquito must bite another human in that area and give him or her the disease.

Question 15

Gaëtan Dugas is frequently referred to as the individual who began the spread of HIV within the gay male community in North America in the 1970s. In epidemiology, he is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  the first patient. 
B)  the superspreader. 
C)  patient 1. 
D)  the index case. 
E)  patient zero. 
A)  the first patient. 
B)  the superspreader. 
C)  patient 1. 
D)  the index case. 
E)  patient zero.

Question 16

Compare and contrast the use of the serum antibody ELISA with the antigen-capture ELISA in the detection of Ebola.

Accepted Answer

Serum antibody ELISA uses antigen adsorb

Question 17

In the figure shown below, we see someone wearing a specific biosafety suit. This suit would NOT be required for studying a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  outbreak of a lethal disease with no known etiological agent. 
B)  Ebola outbreak. 
C)  anthrax outbreak. 
D)  biosafety level 4 agent. 
E)  lethal disease with no known treatment or vaccine. 
A)  outbreak of a lethal disease with no known etiological agent. 
B)  Ebola outbreak. 
C)  anthrax outbreak. 
D)  biosafety level 4 agent. 
E)  lethal disease with no known treatment or vaccine.

Question 18

Hektoen agar will grow all of the following microorganisms EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  Klebsiella pneumoniae. 
B)  Escherichia coli. 
C)  Salmonella enteritidis. 
D)  Shigella sonnei. 
E)  Streptococcus pneumoniae. 
A)  Klebsiella pneumoniae. 
B)  Escherichia coli. 
C)  Salmonella enteritidis. 
D)  Shigella sonnei. 
E)  Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Question 19

Haemophilius influenzae requires ________ and ________ for confirmatory growth of an organism in vitro.

Accepted Answer

A)  catalase; oxidase (N disk) 
B)  Eosin-Methylene Blue (EM
B)  agar; MacConkey agar 
C)  citrate; bile salts 
D)  hemin (X factor); NAD (V factor) 
E)  phenylalanine; ortho-Nitrophenyl-b-galactoside (ONPG) 
A)  catalase; oxidase (N disk) 
B)  Eosin-Methylene Blue (EM
B)  agar; MacConkey agar 
C)  citrate; bile salts 
D)  hemin (X factor); NAD (V factor) 
E)  phenylalanine; ortho-Nitrophenyl-b-galactoside (ONPG)

Question 20

Most point-of-care diagnostics rely on

Accepted Answer

A)  immunochromatographic assays. 
B)  Qt-polymerase chain reaction. 
C)  ELISA kits. 
D)  immunofluorescence. 
E)  API platforms. 
A)  immunochromatographic assays. 
B)  Qt-polymerase chain reaction. 
C)  ELISA kits. 
D)  immunofluorescence. 
E)  API platforms.

Exam 28: Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

Eukaryotic parasites, such as Giardia lamblia, are usually diagnosed by

The graph shown below diagrams the number of cases of a disease versus time. The high peak near the right-hand side would be considered a(n)

The Lancefield groupings are for ________ bacteria and are based on ________.

The use of a laminar flow hood when studying the organism Francisella tularensis is an example of level ________ biological safety.

The clinical microbiology laboratory just received a sputum (deep-lung) sample that so far has been very slow-growing in nonselective agar, as well as not Gram stainable. What tests should be performed next, and why?

The figure below shows cells stained bright fuchsia. This stain is called a(an) ________ and is used to stain ________.

When sampling clinical specimens to determine the cause of a disease, samples are often plated on selective media. The reason for this is to

Chocolate agar is considered ________ in comparison to blood agar.

Looking at the laboratory results presented here, what three interpretations can be made? Colony 1 Colony 2 Colony 3 Growth on blood agar No growth Growth Growth Growth on Hektoen agar No growth No growth Growth Growth of chocolate agar Growth Growth Growth

Which of the following clinical specimens would be expected to be sterile in a healthy individual?

The following are all concerns of the influence of global climate change on infectious diseases EXCEPT that

Humans are an incidental (dead-end) host in which clinical disease?

How would a serum antibody ELISA work in the detection of Lyme disease?

Which of the following criteria is NOT required in order for a mosquito-borne virus to become endemic in a new location?

Gaëtan Dugas is frequently referred to as the individual who began the spread of HIV within the gay male community in North America in the 1970s. In epidemiology, he is known as

Compare and contrast the use of the serum antibody ELISA with the antigen-capture ELISA in the detection of Ebola.

In the figure shown below, we see someone wearing a specific biosafety suit. This suit would NOT be required for studying a(n)

Hektoen agar will grow all of the following microorganisms EXCEPT

Haemophilius influenzae requires ________ and ________ for confirmatory growth of an organism in vitro.

Most point-of-care diagnostics rely on

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Filters

The Lancefield groupings are for bacteria and are based on .

The figure below shows cells stained bright fuchsia. This stain is called a(an) and is used to stain .

Haemophilius influenzae requires and for confirmatory growth of an organism in vitro.