Question 1

If a person was unable to undergo negative selection during T-cell education, what is T-cell education, and why would this be a severe immune problem?

Accepted Answer

T-cell education is a two-step process in the thymus that teaches T cells what self antigens are present in the body. In positive selection, the first part of the education process, T cells that have T-cell receptors (TCRs) that can weakly bind to self MHC proteins displayed on the thymus epithelial cells are allowed to survive. The second part of the process is negative selection. This is where T cells that have TCRs that bind too strongly to self MHC proteins displayed on the thymus epithelial cells are killed. If a person was unable to undergo negative selection, then the naïve immunocompetent T cells released from the thymus into the body would be able to bind too tightly to self MHC, causing an increased likelihood of activation to self tissues (autoimmunity).

Question 2

Anti-HIV antibodies are best at binding to viral proteins when the virus is

Accepted Answer

A)  within the cytoplasm of an infected T cell. 
B)  within the nucleus of an infected T cell. 
C)  within the cytoplasm of an infected macrophage. 
D)  within the nucleus of an infected macrophage. 
E)  extracellular within the bloodstream. 
A)  within the cytoplasm of an infected T cell. 
B)  within the nucleus of an infected T cell. 
C)  within the cytoplasm of an infected macrophage. 
D)  within the nucleus of an infected macrophage. 
E)  extracellular within the bloodstream. E

Question 3

Of the following cells, which could be considered a "professional" antigen-presenting cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  neutrophil 
B)  T lymphocyte 
C)  natural killer cell 
D)  dendritic cell 
E)  fibroblast 
A)  neutrophil 
B)  T lymphocyte 
C)  natural killer cell 
D)  dendritic cell 
E)  fibroblast D

Question 4

Severe combined immunodeficiency is most commonly caused by

Accepted Answer

A)  chromosome 22 trisomy. 
B)  Y-linked inherited hypermetabolism. 
C)  X-linked inherited enzyme or receptor deficiency. 
D)  chromosome 7 deletion. 
E)  XXY inheritance. 
A)  chromosome 22 trisomy. 
B)  Y-linked inherited hypermetabolism. 
C)  X-linked inherited enzyme or receptor deficiency. 
D)  chromosome 7 deletion. 
E)  XXY inheritance.

Question 5

The antigen-binding receptor expressing hepatitis antigen in an infected liver cell would be

Accepted Answer

A)  TCR. 
B)  MHC II. 
C)  MHC I. 
D)  CD4. 
E)  CD8. 
A)  TCR. 
B)  MHC II. 
C)  MHC I. 
D)  CD4. 
E)  CD8.

Question 6

Describe the structure of a typical IgG antibody, including the F(ab')₂ and Fc portions.

Accepted Answer

The general structure of an antibody is

Question 7

Why are antihistamines good for allergic rhinitis but not for atopic asthma?

Accepted Answer

Antihistamines are good for allergic rhi

Question 8

The secondary signal needed for TH0 helper cells to differentiate into either TH1 cells or TH2 cells is the cross-link between ________ (on TH0 helper cells) and ________ (on APC cell).

Accepted Answer

A)  CD154; CD40 
B)  MHC I; B7 
C)  CD4; MHC II 
D)  CD8; MHC I 
E)  CD28; B7 
A)  CD154; CD40 
B)  MHC I; B7 
C)  CD4; MHC II 
D)  CD8; MHC I 
E)  CD28; B7

Question 9

Complement molecule, C1 complex, will bind to an IgG antibody at the

Accepted Answer

A)  VL portion. 
B)  F(ab')2 portion. 
C)  CL portion. 
D)  Fc portion. 
E)  J-chain region. 
A)  VL portion. 
B)  F(ab')2 portion. 
C)  CL portion. 
D)  Fc portion. 
E)  J-chain region.

Question 10

Would treating a person infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who has recently developed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) using a helper T-cell transfusion work? Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary. HIV infects TH cells

Question 11

Would taking probiotic health supplements be good for the average person's immunity?

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary. The Special Topic 24.

Question 12

Immunization with the childhood DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus) vaccine protects against subsequent exposure to tetanus by

Accepted Answer

A)  stopping isotype switching of B cells from IgM to IgA. 
B)  preloading antigen-presenting cells. 
C)  stimulating quick inflammation upon future exposure. 
D)  producing life-spanning antitetanus IgE antibodies. 
E)  generating tetanus-specific memory B cells. 
A)  stopping isotype switching of B cells from IgM to IgA. 
B)  preloading antigen-presenting cells. 
C)  stimulating quick inflammation upon future exposure. 
D)  producing life-spanning antitetanus IgE antibodies. 
E)  generating tetanus-specific memory B cells.

Question 13

People who survived infection with Yersinia pestis during the fourteenth-century European epidemic found themselves immune when reexposed to

Accepted Answer

A)  influenza. 
B)  syphilis. 
C)  smallpox. 
D)  plague. 
E)  pneumonia. 
A)  influenza. 
B)  syphilis. 
C)  smallpox. 
D)  plague. 
E)  pneumonia.

Question 14

Edward Jenner was able to demonstrate the first example of immunological cross-protection because

Accepted Answer

A)  the smallpox virus was nonpathogenic. 
B)  the cowpox virus only affected milkmaids. 
C)  cowpox and smallpox viruses were metabolically different. 
D)  cowpox virus was structurally similar to the smallpox virus. 
E)  plague survivors were immune to smallpox. 
A)  the smallpox virus was nonpathogenic. 
B)  the cowpox virus only affected milkmaids. 
C)  cowpox and smallpox viruses were metabolically different. 
D)  cowpox virus was structurally similar to the smallpox virus. 
E)  plague survivors were immune to smallpox.

Question 15

The ________ vaccine stimulates cell-mediated immunity.

Accepted Answer

A)  Sabin live polio 
B)  influenza 
C)  inactivated polio 
D)  acellular pertussis 
E)  PCV 
A)  Sabin live polio 
B)  influenza 
C)  inactivated polio 
D)  acellular pertussis 
E)  PCV

Question 16

Omenn syndrome is an immune disorder associated with mutations in the recombination-activating genes (RAG1 and RAG2) needed for gene switching in lymphocytes. What effect would this mutation have on B cells, T cells, and the overall health of the adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

Gene switching occurs during the develop

Question 17

Anti-Streptococcus antibodies found in the serum of a patient during a primary antibody response differ from the antibodies produced during a secondary response to the same antigen because of

Accepted Answer

A)  VDJ recombination. 
B)  affinity maturation. 
C)  class switching. 
D)  MHC processing. 
E)  antigen adaptation. 
A)  VDJ recombination. 
B)  affinity maturation. 
C)  class switching. 
D)  MHC processing. 
E)  antigen adaptation.

Question 18

Laboratory isolation of an anti-Streptococcus antibody was found to bind to ten Streptococcus pyogenes at one time. The antibody isolated was

Accepted Answer

A)  IgG. 
B)  IgM. 
C)  IgA. 
D)  IgD. 
E)  IgE. 
A)  IgG. 
B)  IgM. 
C)  IgA. 
D)  IgD. 
E)  IgE.

Question 19

The gut is able to distinguish between indigenous microbiota and pathogens by using which part of epithelial cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  TLRs and NLRs 
B)  SIgA 
C)  cytokines 
D)  IL-22 
E)  ILCs 
A)  TLRs and NLRs 
B)  SIgA 
C)  cytokines 
D)  IL-22 
E)  ILCs

Question 20

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by weakness of the skeletal muscles due to antiacetylcholine receptor antibodies. Thymectomy is a successful treatment for this condition in some patients because it

Accepted Answer

A)  removes all autoreactive B cells from the body. 
B)  primes antigen-presenting cells to reverse their response to self tissue. 
C)  neutralizes the autoantibodies from the body. 
D)  produces proteins to bind the autoantibodies before reaching their target. 
E)  prevents further miseducation of T-cell populations. 
A)  removes all autoreactive B cells from the body. 
B)  primes antigen-presenting cells to reverse their response to self tissue. 
C)  neutralizes the autoantibodies from the body. 
D)  produces proteins to bind the autoantibodies before reaching their target. 
E)  prevents further miseducation of T-cell populations.

Exam 24: The Adaptive Immune Response

If a person was unable to undergo negative selection during T-cell education, what is T-cell education, and why would this be a severe immune problem?

Anti-HIV antibodies are best at binding to viral proteins when the virus is

Of the following cells, which could be considered a "professional" antigen-presenting cell?

Severe combined immunodeficiency is most commonly caused by

The antigen-binding receptor expressing hepatitis antigen in an infected liver cell would be

Describe the structure of a typical IgG antibody, including the F(ab')₂ and Fc portions.

Why are antihistamines good for allergic rhinitis but not for atopic asthma?

The secondary signal needed for TH0 helper cells to differentiate into either TH1 cells or TH2 cells is the cross-link between ________ (on TH0 helper cells) and ________ (on APC cell).

Complement molecule, C1 complex, will bind to an IgG antibody at the

Would treating a person infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who has recently developed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) using a helper T-cell transfusion work? Why or why not?

Would taking probiotic health supplements be good for the average person's immunity?

Immunization with the childhood DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus) vaccine protects against subsequent exposure to tetanus by

People who survived infection with Yersinia pestis during the fourteenth-century European epidemic found themselves immune when reexposed to

Edward Jenner was able to demonstrate the first example of immunological cross-protection because

The ________ vaccine stimulates cell-mediated immunity.

Omenn syndrome is an immune disorder associated with mutations in the recombination-activating genes (RAG1 and RAG2) needed for gene switching in lymphocytes. What effect would this mutation have on B cells, T cells, and the overall health of the adaptive immune response?

Anti-Streptococcus antibodies found in the serum of a patient during a primary antibody response differ from the antibodies produced during a secondary response to the same antigen because of

Laboratory isolation of an anti-Streptococcus antibody was found to bind to ten Streptococcus pyogenes at one time. The antibody isolated was

The gut is able to distinguish between indigenous microbiota and pathogens by using which part of epithelial cells?

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by weakness of the skeletal muscles due to antiacetylcholine receptor antibodies. Thymectomy is a successful treatment for this condition in some patients because it

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

Filters

The secondary signal needed for T_H0 helper cells to differentiate into either T_H1 cells or T_H2 cells is the cross-link between (on TH0 helper cells) and (on APC cell).