Question 1

Which structure engulfs microbes by phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  hair follicle 
B)  sebaceous gland 
C)  blood vessels 
D)  sweat glands 
E)  subcutaneous tissue 
A)  hair follicle 
B)  sebaceous gland 
C)  blood vessels 
D)  sweat glands 
E)  subcutaneous tissue C

Question 2

Natural killer cells target ________ cells that ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  infected; have lost MHC class I 
B)  bacterial; have lost MHC class I 
C)  bacterial; are coated with complement 
D)  infected; have lost C-reactive protein 
E)  infected; secrete cytokines 
A)  infected; have lost MHC class I 
B)  bacterial; have lost MHC class I 
C)  bacterial; are coated with complement 
D)  infected; have lost C-reactive protein 
E)  infected; secrete cytokines A

Question 3

Describe how natural killer cells work in response to a bacterial infection.

Accepted Answer

The mission of NK cells is to kill host cells that harbor microorganisms. NK cells recognize changes in cell-surface proteins of infected cells and then degranulate to release chemicals that kill those cells.

Question 4

The hypothalamus is important because it regulates

Accepted Answer

A)  body temperature. 
B)  release of complement proteins from the liver. 
C)  neutrophil phagocytosis. 
D)  white blood cell differentiation. 
E)  pain perception. 
A)  body temperature. 
B)  release of complement proteins from the liver. 
C)  neutrophil phagocytosis. 
D)  white blood cell differentiation. 
E)  pain perception.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a lymphoid organ?

Accepted Answer

A)  tonsils and adenoids 
B)  spleen 
C)  appendix 
D)  stomach 
E)  bone marrow 
A)  tonsils and adenoids 
B)  spleen 
C)  appendix 
D)  stomach 
E)  bone marrow

Question 6

Are the Langerhans cells of skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT) related to the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that secrete insulin? What is the function of Langerhans cells?

Accepted Answer

No, the Langerhans cells are specialized

Question 7

Microbes in and on humans sharpen immunity and protect from infection. Explain why these benefits also come with considerable risk.

Accepted Answer

The microbiota of humans are extremely b

Question 8

Which factor does NOT account for the hygiene hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  exposure to animals 
B)  caves 
C)  soap 
D)  bugs 
E)  feces 
A)  exposure to animals 
B)  caves 
C)  soap 
D)  bugs 
E)  feces

Question 9

Which of the following innate immunity mechanisms is mismatched with its associated structure or body fluid?

Accepted Answer

A)  lysozyme-tears 
B)  mucociliary elevator-intestines 
C)  highly acidic pH-stomach 
D)  acidic pH, sebum, salinity-skin 
E)  low pH-urogenital tract 
A)  lysozyme-tears 
B)  mucociliary elevator-intestines 
C)  highly acidic pH-stomach 
D)  acidic pH, sebum, salinity-skin 
E)  low pH-urogenital tract

Question 10

Detection of high levels of mannose-binding lectin in the blood could signify

Accepted Answer

A)  the presence of an invading pathogen. 
B)  ongoing virus replication. 
C)  the activation of natural killer cells. 
D)  high levels of interferons. 
E)  in-progress differentiation of leukocytes. 
A)  the presence of an invading pathogen. 
B)  ongoing virus replication. 
C)  the activation of natural killer cells. 
D)  high levels of interferons. 
E)  in-progress differentiation of leukocytes.

Question 11

Which of the following types of cells are antigen-presenting cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  only eosinophils 
B)  platelets and macrophages 
C)  only macrophages 
D)  only neutrophils 
E)  macrophages and dendritic cells 
A)  only eosinophils 
B)  platelets and macrophages 
C)  only macrophages 
D)  only neutrophils 
E)  macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 12

An organism found on human skin that derives benefit from but does not harm the host is described as a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  parasite. 
B)  commensal. 
C)  opportunist. 
D)  pathogen. 
E)  mutualist. 
A)  parasite. 
B)  commensal. 
C)  opportunist. 
D)  pathogen. 
E)  mutualist.

Question 13

What explains the ability of Helicobacter pylori to defy stomach acidity?

Accepted Answer

H. pylori produces ureases, which genera

Question 14

Which of the following definitions is mismatched?

Accepted Answer

A)  extravasation-movement of leukocytes through endothelial cells into tissues 
B)  pus- teeming with white blood cells 
C)  vasoactive-chemical degradation inside a phagolysosome 
D)  autophagy-destruction of intracellular pathogens 
E)  opsonization-formation of pseudopods 
A)  extravasation-movement of leukocytes through endothelial cells into tissues 
B)  pus- teeming with white blood cells 
C)  vasoactive-chemical degradation inside a phagolysosome 
D)  autophagy-destruction of intracellular pathogens 
E)  opsonization-formation of pseudopods

Question 15

Extravasation is the process by which ________ move(s) from the bloodstream into surrounding tissues.

Accepted Answer

A)  neutrophils 
B)  natural killer cells 
C)  antibodies 
D)  interferons 
E)  complement 
A)  neutrophils 
B)  natural killer cells 
C)  antibodies 
D)  interferons 
E)  complement

Question 16

Which condition is NOT related to obesity?

Accepted Answer

A)  diabetes 
B)  cardiovascular disease 
C)  cancer 
D)  nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 
E)  alcoholism 
A)  diabetes 
B)  cardiovascular disease 
C)  cancer 
D)  nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 
E)  alcoholism

Question 17

Much of the ________ is normally free from microbes in a healthy individual.

Accepted Answer

A)  nose 
B)  mouth 
C)  skin 
D)  respiratory tract 
E)  genitourinary tract 
A)  nose 
B)  mouth 
C)  skin 
D)  respiratory tract 
E)  genitourinary tract

Question 18

Opsonization is a process whereby the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms work together

Accepted Answer

A)  to phagocytize an invader. 
B)  to activate complement proteins. 
C)  for antibody secretion. 
D)  to destroy cancer cells. 
E)  during apoptosis. 
A)  to phagocytize an invader. 
B)  to activate complement proteins. 
C)  for antibody secretion. 
D)  to destroy cancer cells. 
E)  during apoptosis.

Question 19

Explain the steps of the basic inflammatory response as pictured in the figure below.

Accepted Answer

Infection occurs via a splinter. Residen

Question 20

IFN-gamma protects the host by

Accepted Answer

A)  inducing dsRNA endonucleases. 
B)  interfering directly with viral replication. 
C)  having an immunomodulatory role. 
D)  inducing fever at the hypothalamus. 
E)  blocking adhesion of pathogens. 
A)  inducing dsRNA endonucleases. 
B)  interfering directly with viral replication. 
C)  having an immunomodulatory role. 
D)  inducing fever at the hypothalamus. 
E)  blocking adhesion of pathogens.

Exam 23: Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

Which structure engulfs microbes by phagocytosis?

Natural killer cells target ________ cells that ________.

Describe how natural killer cells work in response to a bacterial infection.

The hypothalamus is important because it regulates

Which of the following is NOT a lymphoid organ?

Are the Langerhans cells of skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT) related to the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that secrete insulin? What is the function of Langerhans cells?

Microbes in and on humans sharpen immunity and protect from infection. Explain why these benefits also come with considerable risk.

Which factor does NOT account for the hygiene hypothesis?

Which of the following innate immunity mechanisms is mismatched with its associated structure or body fluid?

Detection of high levels of mannose-binding lectin in the blood could signify

Which of the following types of cells are antigen-presenting cells?

An organism found on human skin that derives benefit from but does not harm the host is described as a(n)

What explains the ability of Helicobacter pylori to defy stomach acidity?

Which of the following definitions is mismatched?

Extravasation is the process by which ________ move(s) from the bloodstream into surrounding tissues.

Which condition is NOT related to obesity?

Much of the ________ is normally free from microbes in a healthy individual.

Opsonization is a process whereby the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms work together

Explain the steps of the basic inflammatory response as pictured in the figure below.

IFN-gamma protects the host by

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