Question 1

Why can acne be treated with antibiotics?

Accepted Answer

Acne is treated with antibiotics because

Question 2

An organism responsible for tooth decay is

Accepted Answer

A)  Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 
B)  Streptococcus mutans. 
C)  Neisseria meningitides. 
D)  Streptococcus pneumoniae. 
E)  Haemophilus influenzae. 
A)  Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 
B)  Streptococcus mutans. 
C)  Neisseria meningitides. 
D)  Streptococcus pneumoniae. 
E)  Haemophilus influenzae.

Question 3

Describe what is happening in the figure below.

Accepted Answer

This is a picture of periodont

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT an integral part of the inflammatory process?

Accepted Answer

A)  dilation of blood vessels 
B)  release of histamines and prostaglandins 
C)  redness 
D)  extravasation 
E)  antibody synthesis 
A)  dilation of blood vessels 
B)  release of histamines and prostaglandins 
C)  redness 
D)  extravasation 
E)  antibody synthesis

Question 5

Describe antibody-induced opsonization, the process in which innate and adaptive immunity work together to engulf an invader.

Accepted Answer

Cells that have a polysaccharide capsule

Question 6

Toll-like receptors are eukaryotic membrane proteins that bind with bacterial surface molecules and

Accepted Answer

A)  form channels through which bacterial proteins can enter the eukaryotic cell. 
B)  cause the cell to phagocytize the bacteria. 
C)  cause the release of antibiotics to kill the bacteria. 
D)  cause the release of cytokines that trigger host defenses against the bacteria. 
E)  activate the complement cascade. 
A)  form channels through which bacterial proteins can enter the eukaryotic cell. 
B)  cause the cell to phagocytize the bacteria. 
C)  cause the release of antibiotics to kill the bacteria. 
D)  cause the release of cytokines that trigger host defenses against the bacteria. 
E)  activate the complement cascade.

Question 7

Which is the correct order of the following events in phagocytosis? (1) discharge of waste material
(2) fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome
(3) adherence of the microbe to phagocytes
(4) digestion of the ingested microbe
(5) formation of a phagosome
(6) ingestion of the microbe by the phagocyte

Accepted Answer

A)  3, 6, 5, 2, 4, 1 
B)  3, 4, 6, 5, 2, 1 
C)  6, 5, 2, 4, 3, 1 
D)  5, 2, 3, 6, 4, 1 
E)  5, 3, 6, 2, 4, 1 
A)  3, 6, 5, 2, 4, 1 
B)  3, 4, 6, 5, 2, 1 
C)  6, 5, 2, 4, 3, 1 
D)  5, 2, 3, 6, 4, 1 
E)  5, 3, 6, 2, 4, 1

Question 8

Which of the following factors contribute to dysbiosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  emotional stress 
B)  carbohydrate catabolism 
C)  probiotics 
D)  bacteriocin 
E)  anti-inflammatory cytokines 
A)  emotional stress 
B)  carbohydrate catabolism 
C)  probiotics 
D)  bacteriocin 
E)  anti-inflammatory cytokines

Question 9

The major phagocytic cells in the body are

Accepted Answer

A)  T and B lymphocytes. 
B)  basophils and eosinophils. 
C)  erythrocytes and platelets. 
D)  neutrophils and macrophages. 
E)  epithelial cells and cilia. 
A)  T and B lymphocytes. 
B)  basophils and eosinophils. 
C)  erythrocytes and platelets. 
D)  neutrophils and macrophages. 
E)  epithelial cells and cilia.

Question 10

Which of the following is/are Type I interferon?

Accepted Answer

A)  NOD-receptors 
B)  TLR4 
C)  IFN-beta 
D)  IFN-gamma 
E)  cytokines 
A)  NOD-receptors 
B)  TLR4 
C)  IFN-beta 
D)  IFN-gamma 
E)  cytokines

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of a semi-specific, innate immune mechanism associated with mucosal surfaces?

Accepted Answer

A)  Secretory IgA prevents adhesion to mucosal surface. 
B)  Extravasation of neutrophils is triggered by specific signals. 
C)  Interferons produced by the host will act on specific viruses in the mucosa. 
D)  Toll-like receptors on the host bind a specific microbe-associated molecular pattern, or MAMP. 
E)  The type of inflammation mounted varies with pathogen. 
A)  Secretory IgA prevents adhesion to mucosal surface. 
B)  Extravasation of neutrophils is triggered by specific signals. 
C)  Interferons produced by the host will act on specific viruses in the mucosa. 
D)  Toll-like receptors on the host bind a specific microbe-associated molecular pattern, or MAMP. 
E)  The type of inflammation mounted varies with pathogen.

Question 12

Which of the following creates a channel in target cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

A)  complement 
B)  defensins 
C)  natural killer cells 
D)  complement and defensins 
E)  complement, defensins, and natural killer cells 
A)  complement 
B)  defensins 
C)  natural killer cells 
D)  complement and defensins 
E)  complement, defensins, and natural killer cells

Question 13

A man has been taking excessive amounts of antacids for heartburn. These tablets are very alkaline. Which innate defense mechanism might be altered by his actions?

Accepted Answer

A)  mucociliary elevator 
B)  lysozyme 
C)  pH of stomach 
D)  flushing action of urine 
E)  skin pH 
A)  mucociliary elevator 
B)  lysozyme 
C)  pH of stomach 
D)  flushing action of urine 
E)  skin pH

Question 14

Which of the following cell types would most likely be elevated in a viral infection?

Accepted Answer

A)  eosinophils 
B)  lymphocytes 
C)  basophils 
D)  platelets 
E)  complement 
A)  eosinophils 
B)  lymphocytes 
C)  basophils 
D)  platelets 
E)  complement

Question 15

Using the figure below, demonstrate how butyrate influences appetite.

Accepted Answer

The ingestion of bacteriodes/f

Question 16

How is it that Gram-positive cells are more resistant to complement than Gram-negative cells?

Accepted Answer

The lipopolysaccharide of outer cell mem

Question 17

Interventions that reduce a moderate fever due to infection may be counterproductive because they may

Accepted Answer

A)  produce more pyrogens. 
B)  produce prostaglandins. 
C)  induce phagocytosis. 
D)  slow recovery. 
E)  dull pain perception. 
A)  produce more pyrogens. 
B)  produce prostaglandins. 
C)  induce phagocytosis. 
D)  slow recovery. 
E)  dull pain perception.

Question 18

Which part of the physical defense system uses skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)?

Accepted Answer

A)  gastrointestinal tract 
B)  lungs 
C)  skin 
D)  mucus membranes 
E)  defensins 
A)  gastrointestinal tract 
B)  lungs 
C)  skin 
D)  mucus membranes 
E)  defensins

Question 19

Lysozymes cause damage to the bacterial

Accepted Answer

A)  cell membrane 
B)  capsule 
C)  cell wall 
D)  DNA 
E)  ribosomes 
A)  cell membrane 
B)  capsule 
C)  cell wall 
D)  DNA 
E)  ribosomes

Question 20

The figure below shows the ________ pathway.

Accepted Answer

A)  oxidative burst 
B)  interferon 
C)  defensins 
D)  alternative complement 
E)  complement inflammation 
A)  oxidative burst 
B)  interferon 
C)  defensins 
D)  alternative complement 
E)  complement inflammation

Exam 23: Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

Why can acne be treated with antibiotics?

An organism responsible for tooth decay is

Describe what is happening in the figure below.

Which of the following is NOT an integral part of the inflammatory process?

Describe antibody-induced opsonization, the process in which innate and adaptive immunity work together to engulf an invader.

Toll-like receptors are eukaryotic membrane proteins that bind with bacterial surface molecules and

Which is the correct order of the following events in phagocytosis? (1) discharge of waste material (2) fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome (3) adherence of the microbe to phagocytes (4) digestion of the ingested microbe (5) formation of a phagosome (6) ingestion of the microbe by the phagocyte

Which of the following factors contribute to dysbiosis?

The major phagocytic cells in the body are

Which of the following is/are Type I interferon?

Which of the following is an example of a semi-specific, innate immune mechanism associated with mucosal surfaces?

Which of the following creates a channel in target cell membranes?

A man has been taking excessive amounts of antacids for heartburn. These tablets are very alkaline. Which innate defense mechanism might be altered by his actions?

Which of the following cell types would most likely be elevated in a viral infection?

Using the figure below, demonstrate how butyrate influences appetite.

How is it that Gram-positive cells are more resistant to complement than Gram-negative cells?

Interventions that reduce a moderate fever due to infection may be counterproductive because they may

Which part of the physical defense system uses skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)?

Lysozymes cause damage to the bacterial

The figure below shows the ________ pathway.

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

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