Question 1

Why is metronidazole uneffective against an aerobic bacteria like Staphylococcus aureas?

Accepted Answer

Metronidazole is isolated as a prodrug.

Question 2

Which of the following is a clinically important lung bacteria that kills approximately 2 million people annually and is becoming increasingly multidrug resistant?

Accepted Answer

A)  Streptococcus pneumoniae 
B)  Staphylococcus aureas 
C)  Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
D)  Escherichia coli 
E)  Plasmodium falciparum 
A)  Streptococcus pneumoniae 
B)  Staphylococcus aureas 
C)  Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
D)  Escherichia coli 
E)  Plasmodium falciparum

Question 3

How have modern agricultural practices contributed to the increase of antibiotic resistance seen today?

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary. The overuse and nondi

Question 4

An MIC test can determine all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  the lowest level of an antibiotic that kills a particular bacteria. 
B)  the highest level of an antibiotic that kills a particular bacteria. 
C)  levels of an antibiotic that do not kill a particular bacteria. 
D)  drug susceptibility and resistance. 
E)  whether the drug is bacteriostatic or bactericidal. 
A)  the lowest level of an antibiotic that kills a particular bacteria. 
B)  the highest level of an antibiotic that kills a particular bacteria. 
C)  levels of an antibiotic that do not kill a particular bacteria. 
D)  drug susceptibility and resistance. 
E)  whether the drug is bacteriostatic or bactericidal.

Question 5

In the 1930s, Gerhard Domagk injected his own daughter with a red dye in hopes of curing her invasive streptococcal infection, even though testing of this agent on agar plates growing Streptococcus sp. showed no antimicrobial effect. Analyze why he did this. What did this study show the importance of?

Accepted Answer

Gerhard Domagk was a German physician wh

Question 6

A drug designed to poke holes into the plasma membrane of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria would best be considered

Accepted Answer

A)  bactericidal. 
B)  microbe sensitive. 
C)  semiselective. 
D)  bacteriostatic. 
E)  bacteriocompetent. 
A)  bactericidal. 
B)  microbe sensitive. 
C)  semiselective. 
D)  bacteriostatic. 
E)  bacteriocompetent.

Question 7

A standardized inoculum of bacteria is used in all microbiology labs when performing a Kirby-Bauer assay. This standard allows for a visual turbidity reading to achieve reproducibility in the number of bacteria inoculated on a plate. This is most important because

Accepted Answer

A)  multiple antibiotics testing requires that bacteria be spread evenly around the plate. 
B)  the MIC value can only be achieved by serial dilutions. 
C)  the number of organisms placed on an agar surface is inversely proportional to the size of the zone of inhibition. 
D)  bacterial counts need to be the same across all labs, since incubation times can differ. 
E)  bacterial counts need to be the same across all labs, since plate sizes in this assay can differ. 
A)  multiple antibiotics testing requires that bacteria be spread evenly around the plate. 
B)  the MIC value can only be achieved by serial dilutions. 
C)  the number of organisms placed on an agar surface is inversely proportional to the size of the zone of inhibition. 
D)  bacterial counts need to be the same across all labs, since incubation times can differ. 
E)  bacterial counts need to be the same across all labs, since plate sizes in this assay can differ.

Question 8

Streptogramins are a drug class that possess a synergistic effect. This means that they

Accepted Answer

A)  work best on antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-intermediate bacteria. 
B)  kill bacteria using both bacteriostatic and bactericidal mechanisms. 
C)  have two drug components working together to create a more potent effect. 
D)  induce an antibody-driven immune response more quickly. 
E)  kill Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and mycobacteria equally well. 
A)  work best on antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-intermediate bacteria. 
B)  kill bacteria using both bacteriostatic and bactericidal mechanisms. 
C)  have two drug components working together to create a more potent effect. 
D)  induce an antibody-driven immune response more quickly. 
E)  kill Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and mycobacteria equally well.

Question 9

Antiviral therapy for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) usually consists of a protease inhibitor that inhibits what function?

Accepted Answer

A)  viral exit of the newly formed virions by vial budding 
B)  viral fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane 
C)  binding to the CD4 receptor on human immune cells 
D)  insertion of viral DNA into the host cell DNA 
E)  cleavage of polypeptide chains to make functional HIV viral proteins 
A)  viral exit of the newly formed virions by vial budding 
B)  viral fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane 
C)  binding to the CD4 receptor on human immune cells 
D)  insertion of viral DNA into the host cell DNA 
E)  cleavage of polypeptide chains to make functional HIV viral proteins

Question 10

What is the definition of "antibiotic"? Where are antibiotics isolated from, and why are these compounds made in nature?

Accepted Answer

Antibiotics derive from the Greek word m

Question 11

What does the figure below represent?

Accepted Answer

A)  amphotericin B 
B)  clotrimazole 
C)  nystatin 
D)  penicillin 
E)  cephalosporin 
A)  amphotericin B 
B)  clotrimazole 
C)  nystatin 
D)  penicillin 
E)  cephalosporin

Question 12

The bacteria killed in Alexander Fleming's experiment during his discovery of penicillin were

Accepted Answer

A)  Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 
B)  Escherichia coli. 
C)  Staphylococcus aureas. 
D)  Streptococcus pyogenes. 
E)  Klebsiella pneumonia. 
A)  Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 
B)  Escherichia coli. 
C)  Staphylococcus aureas. 
D)  Streptococcus pyogenes. 
E)  Klebsiella pneumonia.

Question 13

Antiviral therapy for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) usually consists of ________ or more different ________ inhibitors to prevent resistance.

Accepted Answer

A)  five; nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase 
B)  three; nucleoside reverse transcriptase 
C)  four; integrase 
D)  two; protease 
E)  two; nucleoside, nonnucleoside, and protease 
A)  five; nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase 
B)  three; nucleoside reverse transcriptase 
C)  four; integrase 
D)  two; protease 
E)  two; nucleoside, nonnucleoside, and protease

Question 14

Bacterial peptidoglycan formation uses all of the following components EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  N-acetylmuramic acid. 
B)  uridine diphosphate. 
C)  bactoprenol. 
D)  hopanoid. 
E)  N-acetylglucosamine. 
A)  N-acetylmuramic acid. 
B)  uridine diphosphate. 
C)  bactoprenol. 
D)  hopanoid. 
E)  N-acetylglucosamine.

Question 15

Compare and contrast the utility of the antibiotic polymyxin versus cephalosporin in clearing up an Escherichia coli skin infection that has become systemic.

Accepted Answer

Polymyxin is an antibiotic produced by B

Question 16

Platensimycin is a novel antibiotic that was recently discovered. An attribute it does NOT have is that it

Accepted Answer

A)  is bacteriostatic. 
B)  binds FabF protein found in fatty acid biosynthesis. 
C)  has a broad spectrum of activity. 
D)  works on both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. 
E)  targets the bacterial translation of proteins. 
A)  is bacteriostatic. 
B)  binds FabF protein found in fatty acid biosynthesis. 
C)  has a broad spectrum of activity. 
D)  works on both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. 
E)  targets the bacterial translation of proteins.

Question 17

What is NOT a novel idea for new antibiotic drug development?

Accepted Answer

A)  interfering with quorum-sensing mechanisms 
B)  "corking" the type II secretion apparatus 
C)  use of photosensitive chemicals to generate reactive oxygen species 
D)  chemical modification of beta-lactams 
E)  use of nanotubes to poke holes in bacterial membranes 
A)  interfering with quorum-sensing mechanisms 
B)  "corking" the type II secretion apparatus 
C)  use of photosensitive chemicals to generate reactive oxygen species 
D)  chemical modification of beta-lactams 
E)  use of nanotubes to poke holes in bacterial membranes

Question 18

Which virus is NOT effected by antiviral DNA synthesis inhibitors?

Accepted Answer

A)  influenza 
B)  HIV 
C)  H1N1 
D)  Ebola 
E)  Marburg 
A)  influenza 
B)  HIV 
C)  H1N1 
D)  Ebola 
E)  Marburg

Question 19

What is shown in the figure below?

Accepted Answer

A)  B-lactam 
B)  streptogramins 
C)  protein synthesis inhibitors 
D)  ribosome 
E)  mulidrug resistance efflux pump 
A)  B-lactam 
B)  streptogramins 
C)  protein synthesis inhibitors 
D)  ribosome 
E)  mulidrug resistance efflux pump

Question 20

Several antifungal therapeutic agents act to inhibit sterol synthesis. Explain why this does NOT affect mammalian systems.

Accepted Answer

Antifungal agents will specifi

Exam 27: Antimicrobial Therapy

Why is metronidazole uneffective against an aerobic bacteria like Staphylococcus aureas?

Which of the following is a clinically important lung bacteria that kills approximately 2 million people annually and is becoming increasingly multidrug resistant?

How have modern agricultural practices contributed to the increase of antibiotic resistance seen today?

An MIC test can determine all of the following EXCEPT

A drug designed to poke holes into the plasma membrane of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria would best be considered

A standardized inoculum of bacteria is used in all microbiology labs when performing a Kirby-Bauer assay. This standard allows for a visual turbidity reading to achieve reproducibility in the number of bacteria inoculated on a plate. This is most important because

Streptogramins are a drug class that possess a synergistic effect. This means that they

Antiviral therapy for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) usually consists of a protease inhibitor that inhibits what function?

What is the definition of "antibiotic"? Where are antibiotics isolated from, and why are these compounds made in nature?

What does the figure below represent?

The bacteria killed in Alexander Fleming's experiment during his discovery of penicillin were

Antiviral therapy for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) usually consists of ________ or more different ________ inhibitors to prevent resistance.

Bacterial peptidoglycan formation uses all of the following components EXCEPT

Compare and contrast the utility of the antibiotic polymyxin versus cephalosporin in clearing up an Escherichia coli skin infection that has become systemic.

Platensimycin is a novel antibiotic that was recently discovered. An attribute it does NOT have is that it

What is NOT a novel idea for new antibiotic drug development?

Which virus is NOT effected by antiviral DNA synthesis inhibitors?

What is shown in the figure below?

Several antifungal therapeutic agents act to inhibit sterol synthesis. Explain why this does NOT affect mammalian systems.

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

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Antiviral therapy for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) usually consists of or more different inhibitors to prevent resistance.