Question 1

Human diseases caused by defective mitochondrial DNA include all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  sickle cell anemia. 
B)  forms of ataxia. 
C)  dystonia. 
D)  Parkinson's disease. 
E)  chorea. 
A)  sickle cell anemia. 
B)  forms of ataxia. 
C)  dystonia. 
D)  Parkinson's disease. 
E)  chorea.

Question 2

Evidence for microbial life on Earth dates back to ________ ago.

Accepted Answer

A)  14 gigayears 
B)  5 gigayears 
C)  3.48 gigayears 
D)  1.5 gigayears 
E)  500 megayears 
A)  14 gigayears 
B)  5 gigayears 
C)  3.48 gigayears 
D)  1.5 gigayears 
E)  500 megayears

Question 3

Which of the following did early methanogens use from the early atmosphere to generate energy?

Accepted Answer

A)  CO2 and H2 
B)  H2O and O2 
C)  CH4 and CO2 
D)  N2 and O3 
E)  O2 and H2 
A)  CO2 and H2 
B)  H2O and O2 
C)  CH4 and CO2 
D)  N2 and O3 
E)  O2 and H2

Question 4

The term "pan-genome" can best be defined as

Accepted Answer

A)  the world DNA genomic databank. 
B)  the sum total of all expected genes in all possible isolates of a given species. 
C)  genomic islands found in pathogenic organisms. 
D)  the entire genomic sequence of all known organisms. 
E)  differences in RNA transcription between species. 
A)  the world DNA genomic databank. 
B)  the sum total of all expected genes in all possible isolates of a given species. 
C)  genomic islands found in pathogenic organisms. 
D)  the entire genomic sequence of all known organisms. 
E)  differences in RNA transcription between species.

Question 5

In the domains of life, archaea and eukarya differ from each other in that archaea ________ and eukarya ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  contain membrane-bound organelles; do not 
B)  do not undergo methanogenesis; do 
C)  do not contain membrane-bound organelles; do 
D)  are pathogenic to humans; are never pathogenic 
E)  have introns; do not 
A)  contain membrane-bound organelles; do not 
B)  do not undergo methanogenesis; do 
C)  do not contain membrane-bound organelles; do 
D)  are pathogenic to humans; are never pathogenic 
E)  have introns; do not

Question 6

The following is correct about a probabilistic indicator for bacterial identification, EXCEPT that

Accepted Answer

A)  it requires a predefined database of known bacteria. 
B)  numerous strains of each species in well-studied habitats must be isolated in pure culture and tested for a defined number of traits. 
C)  it is based on yes/no choices that successively narrow down the identification of a taxon. 
D)  it only works if the bacterial isolate coincides with a member of a predefined database. 
E)  fractions of positive results for certain traits are noted as the probability of obtaining a positive result. 
A)  it requires a predefined database of known bacteria. 
B)  numerous strains of each species in well-studied habitats must be isolated in pure culture and tested for a defined number of traits. 
C)  it is based on yes/no choices that successively narrow down the identification of a taxon. 
D)  it only works if the bacterial isolate coincides with a member of a predefined database. 
E)  fractions of positive results for certain traits are noted as the probability of obtaining a positive result.

Question 7

Analyses of d¹³C % has revealed biosignatures in

Accepted Answer

A)  igneous rock. 
B)  mantle rock. 
C)  carbonate rock. 
D)  sedimentary rock. 
E)  calcareous sand. 
A)  igneous rock. 
B)  mantle rock. 
C)  carbonate rock. 
D)  sedimentary rock. 
E)  calcareous sand.

Question 8

The loss of genes encoding for unselected traits is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  random mutation. 
B)  natural selection. 
C)  reductive evolution. 
D)  clade evolution. 
E)  random recombination. 
A)  random mutation. 
B)  natural selection. 
C)  reductive evolution. 
D)  clade evolution. 
E)  random recombination.

Question 9

The figure below depicts a metabolist model for CO₂ fixation as the basis for biosynthesis as proposed by Morowitz and Wächterhäuser. Discuss the pathway and determine what its outcome is.

Accepted Answer

Polymerization of CO₂ and H₂ could have

Question 10

Based on small subunit rRNA phylogeny studies, the current view is that there are ________ domains of life.

Accepted Answer

A)  two 
B)  three 
C)  four 
D)  five 
E)  six 
A)  two 
B)  three 
C)  four 
D)  five 
E)  six

Question 11

The sum total of all life on Earth is called the

Accepted Answer

A)  lithosphere. 
B)  mantle. 
C)  core. 
D)  atmosphere. 
E)  biosphere. 
A)  lithosphere. 
B)  mantle. 
C)  core. 
D)  atmosphere. 
E)  biosphere.

Question 12

Mitochondria maintained the essential genes ________ from the ancestral endosymbiont from which they evolved.

Accepted Answer

A)  NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, and ATP synthetase 
B)  pyruvate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and fumarase 
C)  hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and phosphofructokinase 
D)  photosystem I and II and ATP synthetase 
E)  catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase 
A)  NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, and ATP synthetase 
B)  pyruvate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and fumarase 
C)  hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and phosphofructokinase 
D)  photosystem I and II and ATP synthetase 
E)  catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase

Question 13

A molecular clock is best defined as

Accepted Answer

A)  the information contained in DNA or protein sequences that shows changes over time. 
B)  genes that under selective pressure show a higher rate in mutation frequencies. 
C)  organisms in favorable environments that have greater offspring potential. 
D)  the time between Earth's formation and the beginnings of life in an RNA world. 
E)  a monophyletic group of organisms that replicate in synchrony. 
A)  the information contained in DNA or protein sequences that shows changes over time. 
B)  genes that under selective pressure show a higher rate in mutation frequencies. 
C)  organisms in favorable environments that have greater offspring potential. 
D)  the time between Earth's formation and the beginnings of life in an RNA world. 
E)  a monophyletic group of organisms that replicate in synchrony.

Question 14

"Incompletely described," emerging organisms are on their way to be established as new species. In the meantime, they can be designated as all of the following EXCEPT a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  unclassified organism. 
B)  uncultured organism. 
C)  environmental sample 
D)  type species. 
E)  candidate species. 
A)  unclassified organism. 
B)  uncultured organism. 
C)  environmental sample 
D)  type species. 
E)  candidate species.

Question 15

What trait do all cells on Earth NOT have in common?

Accepted Answer

A)  double-stranded DNA 
B)  cell wall of varying composition 
C)  universal gene code, common ancestral rRNAs, and elongation factors 
D)  common ancestral functional domains in proteins 
E)  cytoplasm, an aqueous compartment enclosed by a membrane 
A)  double-stranded DNA 
B)  cell wall of varying composition 
C)  universal gene code, common ancestral rRNAs, and elongation factors 
D)  common ancestral functional domains in proteins 
E)  cytoplasm, an aqueous compartment enclosed by a membrane

Question 16

During the Long-Term Evolution Experiment (LTEE), investigators found a Cit⁺ strain of Escherichia coli that allowed fast growth on citrate buffer after 33,000 generations. The ability to catabolize citrate evolved at this time through

Accepted Answer

A)  acquiring the ability to exploit new ecological niches. 
B)  becoming pathogens. 
C)  becoming dependant on a symbiotic partner's resources. 
D)  becoming pathogens and becoming dependent on a symbiotic partner's resources. 
E)  losing the ability to exploit new ecological niches. 
A)  acquiring the ability to exploit new ecological niches. 
B)  becoming pathogens. 
C)  becoming dependant on a symbiotic partner's resources. 
D)  becoming pathogens and becoming dependent on a symbiotic partner's resources. 
E)  losing the ability to exploit new ecological niches.

Question 17

The word "symbiosis" is usually understood to mean ________, a relationship in which both partners benefit and may absolutely require each other.

Accepted Answer

A)  comensalism 
B)  parasitism 
C)  mutualism 
D)  predation 
E)  competition 
A)  comensalism 
B)  parasitism 
C)  mutualism 
D)  predation 
E)  competition

Question 18

The most likely ancestor for today's mitochondria according to the endosymbiotic model is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  species in the genus Bacillus. 
B)  rickettsia. 
C)  member of the clostridia. 
D)  enterobacterium related to Escherichia coli. 
E)  cyanobacterium. 
A)  species in the genus Bacillus. 
B)  rickettsia. 
C)  member of the clostridia. 
D)  enterobacterium related to Escherichia coli. 
E)  cyanobacterium.

Question 19

Use the figure below to describe the appearance of the Cit⁺ mutation in Escherichia coli during the Long-Term Evolution Experiment (LTEE).

Accepted Answer

After 33,000 generations in which twelve

Question 20

Analyze the figure below. If a d ¹³C isotope analysis was performed on an unknown geological sample of sedimentary graphite and determined a negative d ¹³C % value, would it be determined that life had existed in that sample or not, and why?

Accepted Answer

Life could have existed in the sample. A

Exam 17: Origins and Evolution

Human diseases caused by defective mitochondrial DNA include all of the following EXCEPT

Evidence for microbial life on Earth dates back to ________ ago.

Which of the following did early methanogens use from the early atmosphere to generate energy?

The term "pan-genome" can best be defined as

In the domains of life, archaea and eukarya differ from each other in that archaea ________ and eukarya ________.

The following is correct about a probabilistic indicator for bacterial identification, EXCEPT that

Analyses of d¹³C % has revealed biosignatures in

The loss of genes encoding for unselected traits is known as

The figure below depicts a metabolist model for CO₂ fixation as the basis for biosynthesis as proposed by Morowitz and Wächterhäuser. Discuss the pathway and determine what its outcome is.

Based on small subunit rRNA phylogeny studies, the current view is that there are ________ domains of life.

The sum total of all life on Earth is called the

Mitochondria maintained the essential genes ________ from the ancestral endosymbiont from which they evolved.

A molecular clock is best defined as

"Incompletely described," emerging organisms are on their way to be established as new species. In the meantime, they can be designated as all of the following EXCEPT a(n)

What trait do all cells on Earth NOT have in common?

During the Long-Term Evolution Experiment (LTEE), investigators found a Cit⁺ strain of Escherichia coli that allowed fast growth on citrate buffer after 33,000 generations. The ability to catabolize citrate evolved at this time through

The word "symbiosis" is usually understood to mean ________, a relationship in which both partners benefit and may absolutely require each other.

The most likely ancestor for today's mitochondria according to the endosymbiotic model is a(n)

Use the figure below to describe the appearance of the Cit⁺ mutation in Escherichia coli during the Long-Term Evolution Experiment (LTEE).

Analyze the figure below. If a d ¹³C isotope analysis was performed on an unknown geological sample of sedimentary graphite and determined a negative d ¹³C % value, would it be determined that life had existed in that sample or not, and why?

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

Filters

In the domains of life, archaea and eukarya differ from each other in that archaea and eukarya .