Question 1

A metabolic process allowing for anaerobic degradation of benzoate to acetate is diagrammed below. This metabolism can happen because

Accepted Answer

A)  benzoate contains a great deal of energy and ATP can be made. 
B)  the catabolism of benzoate by the cell on the left produces hydrogen that is then used by the cell on the right to reduce sulfate. 
C)  the catabolism of benzoate by the cell on the left produces hydrogen that is then used by a methanogen. 
D)  the catabolism of benzoate to acetate releases so much energy that it overcomes the positive $$\Delta$$G of H2 production. 
E)  the cell on the left swims away from the H2 that it produces in order to balance the thermodynamics. 
A)  benzoate contains a great deal of energy and ATP can be made. 
B)  the catabolism of benzoate by the cell on the left produces hydrogen that is then used by the cell on the right to reduce sulfate. 
C)  the catabolism of benzoate by the cell on the left produces hydrogen that is then used by a methanogen. 
D)  the catabolism of benzoate to acetate releases so much energy that it overcomes the positive $$\Delta$$G of H2 production. 
E)  the cell on the left swims away from the H2 that it produces in order to balance the thermodynamics.

Question 2

Using the table below, what is the best method for obtaining energy from catabolizing ethanol, and why? A.

Accepted Answer

A)  the catabolism of ethanol without an oxidant, because the $$\Delta$$G is almost positive 
B)  the oxidation of ethanol with $\mathrm { NO } _ { 3 } ^ { - }$ as the oxidant is because of the large yield of energy released 
C)  the oxidation of ethanol with oxygen, because the $$\Delta$$G is the largest negative number indicating the large yield of energy released. 
D)  The oxidation of ethanol yields too little biomass to be catabolized. 
E)  None-ethanol can only be catabolized syntrophically. 
A)  the catabolism of ethanol without an oxidant, because the $$\Delta$$G is almost positive 
B)  the oxidation of ethanol with $\mathrm { NO } _ { 3 } ^ { - }$ as the oxidant is because of the large yield of energy released 
C)  the oxidation of ethanol with oxygen, because the $$\Delta$$G is the largest negative number indicating the large yield of energy released. 
D)  The oxidation of ethanol yields too little biomass to be catabolized. 
E)  None-ethanol can only be catabolized syntrophically.

Question 3

Not all enzymes are proteins; in some enzymes, the catalytic properties depend on

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA. 
B)  RNA. 
C)  polysaccharides. 
D)  lipids. 
E)  terpenoids. 
A)  DNA. 
B)  RNA. 
C)  polysaccharides. 
D)  lipids. 
E)  terpenoids.

Question 4

Which of the following molecules is responsible for the distinctive flavor of Swiss cheese?

Accepted Answer

A)  lactate 
B)  glucose 
C)  galactose 
D)  propionate 
E)  acetate 
A)  lactate 
B)  glucose 
C)  galactose 
D)  propionate 
E)  acetate

Question 5

The catabolism of glucose is central to the overall hydrolysis of polysaccharides in an environment. Compare and contrast the analogous catabolism of polyaromatic compounds found in nature.

Accepted Answer

Polyaromatic compounds found in nature i

Question 6

Species of Pseudomonas and Rhodococcus can degrade benzoate and other aromatic molecules, either aerobically or anaerobically. Which of the following is NOT correct regarding anaerobic degradation of aromatic molecules?

Accepted Answer

A)  It takes longer than aerobic degradation. 
B)  It is critical because bacterial anaerobic habitats are more abundant than aerobic ones. 
C)  Benzoate is activated to benzoyl-CoA prior to its degradation. 
D)  It proceeds via production of catechols. 
E)  The high initial investment of energy comes from either anaerobic phototrophy or anaerobic respiration. 
A)  It takes longer than aerobic degradation. 
B)  It is critical because bacterial anaerobic habitats are more abundant than aerobic ones. 
C)  Benzoate is activated to benzoyl-CoA prior to its degradation. 
D)  It proceeds via production of catechols. 
E)  The high initial investment of energy comes from either anaerobic phototrophy or anaerobic respiration.

Question 7

Fatty acids enter the TCA cycle after being degraded to what molecule?

Accepted Answer

A)  acetyl-phosphate 
B)  malonyl-S-CoA 
C)  acetyl-S-CoA 
D)  citrate 
E)  pyruvate 
A)  acetyl-phosphate 
B)  malonyl-S-CoA 
C)  acetyl-S-CoA 
D)  citrate 
E)  pyruvate

Question 8

The $\Delta$G for a reaction can be calculated by using $\Delta$G$^\circ$ and adding in

Accepted Answer

A)  entropy, enthalpy, and the log of the ratio of reactants to products. 
B)  entropy, enthalpy, pH, and the log of the ratio of the reactants to products. 
C)  the gas constant, absolute temperature, and the log of the ratio of the reactants to products. 
D)  the log of the ratio of the reactants to products. 
E)  the gas constant, absolute temperature, pH, and the log of the ratio of the reactants to products. 
A)  entropy, enthalpy, and the log of the ratio of reactants to products. 
B)  entropy, enthalpy, pH, and the log of the ratio of the reactants to products. 
C)  the gas constant, absolute temperature, and the log of the ratio of the reactants to products. 
D)  the log of the ratio of the reactants to products. 
E)  the gas constant, absolute temperature, pH, and the log of the ratio of the reactants to products.

Question 9

Glucose is activated by ________ phosphorylation(s) by ATP during the first stage of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway.

Accepted Answer

A)  one 
B)  two 
C)  three 
D)  four 
E)  Glucose is not phosphorylated. 
A)  one 
B)  two 
C)  three 
D)  four 
E)  Glucose is not phosphorylated.

Question 10

Describe the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway. What are the advantages to microorganisms that display the ED pathway?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is oxidized to the sugar acid 6-

Question 11

Ethanolic fermentation is used in making beverages such as beer, wine, and pulque. It is carried out by yeast and

Accepted Answer

A)  lactobacillus. 
B)  leuconostoc. 
C)  propionibacterium. 
D)  zymomonas. 
E)  clostridium. 
A)  lactobacillus. 
B)  leuconostoc. 
C)  propionibacterium. 
D)  zymomonas. 
E)  clostridium.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is FALSE with respect to heterotrophic organisms?

Accepted Answer

A)  They use preformed organic compounds for biosynthesis. 
B)  Most organotrophs are also heterotrophs. 
C)  Along with decomposers, they are ecologically defined as consumers. 
D)  Some can generate methane as an end product. 
E)  They utilize glycolysis and other pathways to generate energy. 
A)  They use preformed organic compounds for biosynthesis. 
B)  Most organotrophs are also heterotrophs. 
C)  Along with decomposers, they are ecologically defined as consumers. 
D)  Some can generate methane as an end product. 
E)  They utilize glycolysis and other pathways to generate energy.

Question 13

In many bacteria, the electron carrier ________ is used for biosynthesis, whereas ________ feeds the electron transport system.

Accepted Answer

A)  NADPH; NADH 
B)  FADH2; NADPH 
C)  NADH; acetyl-S-CoA 
D)  chlorophyll; NADPH 
E)  pyruvate; acetyl-S-CoA 
A)  NADPH; NADH 
B)  FADH2; NADPH 
C)  NADH; acetyl-S-CoA 
D)  chlorophyll; NADPH 
E)  pyruvate; acetyl-S-CoA

Question 14

Define "organotroph" and "heterotroph." Are these terms equivalent?

Accepted Answer

They are not equivalent, but similar. An

Question 15

Which of the diagrammed molecules is a global signal of nutritional status?

Accepted Answer

A)  pyruvate 
B)  2-oxoglutarate 
C)  oxaloacetate 
D)  acetyl-CoA 
E)  acetyl-P 
A)  pyruvate 
B)  2-oxoglutarate 
C)  oxaloacetate 
D)  acetyl-CoA 
E)  acetyl-P

Question 16

The greatest amount of reduced coenzyme NADH + H⁺ is produced during which stage of aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

A)  glycolysis 
B)  pyruvate conversion to acetyl-S-CoA 
C)  tricarboxylic acid cycle 
D)  glyoxylate bypass 
E)  oxidative phosphorylation 
A)  glycolysis 
B)  pyruvate conversion to acetyl-S-CoA 
C)  tricarboxylic acid cycle 
D)  glyoxylate bypass 
E)  oxidative phosphorylation

Question 17

In most environments, the nutrient concentrations outside the cell are lower than inside the cell. If the concentration gradient is NOT favorable, a microbial cell obtains nutrients through

Accepted Answer

A)  active, energy-dependent transport. 
B)  facilitated diffusion. 
C)  swim and tumble. 
D)  forming biofilms. 
E)  simple diffusion. 
A)  active, energy-dependent transport. 
B)  facilitated diffusion. 
C)  swim and tumble. 
D)  forming biofilms. 
E)  simple diffusion.

Exam 13: Energetics and Catabolism

A metabolic process allowing for anaerobic degradation of benzoate to acetate is diagrammed below. This metabolism can happen because

Using the table below, what is the best method for obtaining energy from catabolizing ethanol, and why? A.

Not all enzymes are proteins; in some enzymes, the catalytic properties depend on

Which of the following molecules is responsible for the distinctive flavor of Swiss cheese?

The catabolism of glucose is central to the overall hydrolysis of polysaccharides in an environment. Compare and contrast the analogous catabolism of polyaromatic compounds found in nature.

Species of Pseudomonas and Rhodococcus can degrade benzoate and other aromatic molecules, either aerobically or anaerobically. Which of the following is NOT correct regarding anaerobic degradation of aromatic molecules?

Fatty acids enter the TCA cycle after being degraded to what molecule?

The Δ\DeltaΔ G for a reaction can be calculated by using Δ\DeltaΔ G ∘^\circ∘ and adding in

Glucose is activated by ________ phosphorylation(s) by ATP during the first stage of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway.

Describe the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway. What are the advantages to microorganisms that display the ED pathway?

Ethanolic fermentation is used in making beverages such as beer, wine, and pulque. It is carried out by yeast and

Which of the following statements is FALSE with respect to heterotrophic organisms?

In many bacteria, the electron carrier ________ is used for biosynthesis, whereas ________ feeds the electron transport system.

Define "organotroph" and "heterotroph." Are these terms equivalent?

Which of the diagrammed molecules is a global signal of nutritional status?

The greatest amount of reduced coenzyme NADH + H⁺ is produced during which stage of aerobic respiration?

In most environments, the nutrient concentrations outside the cell are lower than inside the cell. If the concentration gradient is NOT favorable, a microbial cell obtains nutrients through

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

Filters

The $\Delta$ G for a reaction can be calculated by using $\Delta$ G $^\circ$ and adding in

In many bacteria, the electron carrier is used for biosynthesis, whereas feeds the electron transport system.