Question 1

Chemoorganotrophy is a term describing microorganisms that

Accepted Answer

A)  use preformed organic compounds as a source of electrons and obtain energy through fermentations or organic respiration. 
B)  obtain electrons and H+ via photolysis of H2O or H2S, producing O2 or S2, respectively. 
C)  perform photolysis of small organic molecules. 
D)  use carbon dioxide as the carbon source. 
E)  pull electrons off minerals to donate to electron transport systems. 
A)  use preformed organic compounds as a source of electrons and obtain energy through fermentations or organic respiration. 
B)  obtain electrons and H+ via photolysis of H2O or H2S, producing O2 or S2, respectively. 
C)  perform photolysis of small organic molecules. 
D)  use carbon dioxide as the carbon source. 
E)  pull electrons off minerals to donate to electron transport systems.

Question 2

Although ATP is the main energy carrier in living organisms, other molecules may also serve as energy carriers in metabolic reactions. Which of the following molecules does NOT carry energy?

Accepted Answer

A)  nucleotides such as GTP 
B)  phosphoenolpyruvate 
C)  creatine phosphate 
D)  glucose 
E)  nucleotides such as CTP and UDP 
A)  nucleotides such as GTP 
B)  phosphoenolpyruvate 
C)  creatine phosphate 
D)  glucose 
E)  nucleotides such as CTP and UDP

Question 3

Which of the following phenomena is sufficient to transport nutrients to cells that lack chemotactic motility?

Accepted Answer

A)  active, ATP-dependent transport 
B)  diffusion 
C)  turbulent flow 
D)  quorum sensing 
E)  biofilm formation 
A)  active, ATP-dependent transport 
B)  diffusion 
C)  turbulent flow 
D)  quorum sensing 
E)  biofilm formation

Question 4

The activity of the enzyme below is controlled in various ways using several of the binding sites shown. The two sites are the ________ site and the ________ site.

Accepted Answer

A)  active; inhibitor 
B)  catalytic; inhibitor 
C)  substrate; inhibitor 
D)  substrate; allosteric 
E)  catalytic; allosteric 
A)  active; inhibitor 
B)  catalytic; inhibitor 
C)  substrate; inhibitor 
D)  substrate; allosteric 
E)  catalytic; allosteric

Question 5

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex connects glycolysis to respiration. Which is a correct mechanism for how the activity of this enzyme complex is regulated?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is no need to regulate this enzyme complex. 
B)  The activity is inhibited by CoA and NAD+. 
C)  Gene expression is repressed by carbon starvation and low oxygen levels. 
D)  The activity is inhibited by citrate. 
E)  The activity is enhanced by the presence of acetyl-CoA and NADH. 
A)  There is no need to regulate this enzyme complex. 
B)  The activity is inhibited by CoA and NAD+. 
C)  Gene expression is repressed by carbon starvation and low oxygen levels. 
D)  The activity is inhibited by citrate. 
E)  The activity is enhanced by the presence of acetyl-CoA and NADH.

Question 6

All oxidative catabolism of toluene and other benzene derivatives proceeds through

Accepted Answer

A)  benzoyl-S-CoA. 
B)  aniline. 
C)  catechols. 
D)  cis, cis-muconate. 
E)  D-gluconate. 
A)  benzoyl-S-CoA. 
B)  aniline. 
C)  catechols. 
D)  cis, cis-muconate. 
E)  D-gluconate.

Question 7

The base adenine forms from ________ in experiments simulating the origin of life on Earth.

Accepted Answer

A)  carbon dioxide and nitrate 
B)  ethanol and urea 
C)  methane and ammonia 
D)  adenosine and PO4 
E)  ribose and RNA 
A)  carbon dioxide and nitrate 
B)  ethanol and urea 
C)  methane and ammonia 
D)  adenosine and PO4 
E)  ribose and RNA

Question 8

How does the efficiency of energy capture by ATP formation in bacterial tricarboxylic acid cycle compare with that of mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

Whereas mitochondria are enclosed in an

Question 9

The process of prioritized consumption of substrates is known as catabolite

Accepted Answer

A)  induction. 
B)  poisoning. 
C)  competition. 
D)  repression. 
E)  attenutation. 
A)  induction. 
B)  poisoning. 
C)  competition. 
D)  repression. 
E)  attenutation.

Question 10

In the pentose phosphate shunt, glucose 6-phosphate is oxidized to 6-phosphogluconate, which is then decarboxylated to ribulose 5-phosphate. What is the main metabolic role of this pathway?

Accepted Answer

A)  production of ATP and NADH + H+ 
B)  regeneration of NADP+ 
C)  production of carbohydrates with three to seven carbon atoms, which can be utilized in biosynthesis 
D)  production of pyruvate to feed the Krebs cycle 
E)  oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide 
A)  production of ATP and NADH + H+ 
B)  regeneration of NADP+ 
C)  production of carbohydrates with three to seven carbon atoms, which can be utilized in biosynthesis 
D)  production of pyruvate to feed the Krebs cycle 
E)  oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide

Question 11

All of the following are reasons to oxidize glucose in a series of steps EXCEPT to

Accepted Answer

A)  generate smaller amounts of energy in a controlled fashion and when needed. 
B)  control the usage of energy in a cell by using more steps. 
C)  minimize the release of heat with more small steps. 
D)  control the catabolism versus biosynthetic aspects of oxidizing glucose via concentrations of reactants and end products. 
E)  increase the DG of the reaction. 
A)  generate smaller amounts of energy in a controlled fashion and when needed. 
B)  control the usage of energy in a cell by using more steps. 
C)  minimize the release of heat with more small steps. 
D)  control the catabolism versus biosynthetic aspects of oxidizing glucose via concentrations of reactants and end products. 
E)  increase the DG of the reaction.

Question 12

What is substrate-level phosphorylation? Provide two examples from bacterial metabolism.

Accepted Answer

Phosphorylation of ADP at the substrate-

Question 13

How can a technique such as calorimetry be used to measure $$\Delta$$G?

Accepted Answer

The amount of heat released by a reactio

Question 14

Amino acids can be synthesized using which one of the molecules from the diagram below?

Accepted Answer

A)  isocitrate 
B)  succinyl-CoA 
C)  oxaloacetate 
D)  2-oxoglutarate 
E)  fumarate 
A)  isocitrate 
B)  succinyl-CoA 
C)  oxaloacetate 
D)  2-oxoglutarate 
E)  fumarate

Question 15

In the pentose phosphate shunt (PPS), sugars exchange short carbohydrate moieties to form carbohydrates with varying chain lengths. What metabolic mechanisms allow these exchanges to occur? What are the metabolic advantages of the PPS pathway?

Accepted Answer

Pairs of sugars exchange portions of the

Question 16

Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, was shown to be lacking a TCA cycle. Explain the significance of this finding.

Accepted Answer

T. pallidum's genome encodes key enzymes

Question 17

In amphibolic pathways, enzymes do NOT

Accepted Answer

A)  function only in the biosynthetic direction. 
B)  function only in the catabolic direction. 
C)  function in both directions. 
D)  carry out reactions that are otherwise thermodynamically impossible. 
E)  have activity dependent on concentrations of reactants and products. 
A)  function only in the biosynthetic direction. 
B)  function only in the catabolic direction. 
C)  function in both directions. 
D)  carry out reactions that are otherwise thermodynamically impossible. 
E)  have activity dependent on concentrations of reactants and products.

Question 18

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

Accepted Answer

A)  Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway-2 ATP, 2 NADH 
B)  Entner-Doudoroff pathway-1 ATP, 1 NADH, and 1 NADPH 
C)  pentose phosphate pathway-1 ATP, 2 NADPH 
D)  glyoxylate bypass-2 NADH, 1 FADH2 
E)  bacterial tricarboxylic acid cycle-3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP 
A)  Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway-2 ATP, 2 NADH 
B)  Entner-Doudoroff pathway-1 ATP, 1 NADH, and 1 NADPH 
C)  pentose phosphate pathway-1 ATP, 2 NADPH 
D)  glyoxylate bypass-2 NADH, 1 FADH2 
E)  bacterial tricarboxylic acid cycle-3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP

Question 19

In glycolysis, dihydroxyacetone phosphate is isomerized to ________, which reenters the pathway.

Accepted Answer

A)  glucose 6-phosphate 
B)  glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 
C)  phosphoenolpyruvate 
D)  fructose 6-phosphate 
E)  pyruvate 
A)  glucose 6-phosphate 
B)  glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 
C)  phosphoenolpyruvate 
D)  fructose 6-phosphate 
E)  pyruvate

Question 20

Clostridium acetobutylicum has been used to produce which solvents?

Accepted Answer

A)  acetate and butyrate 
B)  acetone and butanol 
C)  methanol and ethanol 
D)  formate and ethanol 
E)  propanol and mixed acids 
A)  acetate and butyrate 
B)  acetone and butanol 
C)  methanol and ethanol 
D)  formate and ethanol 
E)  propanol and mixed acids

Exam 13: Energetics and Catabolism

Chemoorganotrophy is a term describing microorganisms that

Although ATP is the main energy carrier in living organisms, other molecules may also serve as energy carriers in metabolic reactions. Which of the following molecules does NOT carry energy?

Which of the following phenomena is sufficient to transport nutrients to cells that lack chemotactic motility?

The activity of the enzyme below is controlled in various ways using several of the binding sites shown. The two sites are the ________ site and the ________ site.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex connects glycolysis to respiration. Which is a correct mechanism for how the activity of this enzyme complex is regulated?

All oxidative catabolism of toluene and other benzene derivatives proceeds through

The base adenine forms from ________ in experiments simulating the origin of life on Earth.

How does the efficiency of energy capture by ATP formation in bacterial tricarboxylic acid cycle compare with that of mitochondria?

The process of prioritized consumption of substrates is known as catabolite

In the pentose phosphate shunt, glucose 6-phosphate is oxidized to 6-phosphogluconate, which is then decarboxylated to ribulose 5-phosphate. What is the main metabolic role of this pathway?

All of the following are reasons to oxidize glucose in a series of steps EXCEPT to

What is substrate-level phosphorylation? Provide two examples from bacterial metabolism.

How can a technique such as calorimetry be used to measure Δ\DeltaΔ G?

Amino acids can be synthesized using which one of the molecules from the diagram below?

In the pentose phosphate shunt (PPS), sugars exchange short carbohydrate moieties to form carbohydrates with varying chain lengths. What metabolic mechanisms allow these exchanges to occur? What are the metabolic advantages of the PPS pathway?

Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, was shown to be lacking a TCA cycle. Explain the significance of this finding.

In amphibolic pathways, enzymes do NOT

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

In glycolysis, dihydroxyacetone phosphate is isomerized to ________, which reenters the pathway.

Clostridium acetobutylicum has been used to produce which solvents?

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

Filters

The activity of the enzyme below is controlled in various ways using several of the binding sites shown. The two sites are the site and the site.

How can a technique such as calorimetry be used to measure $\Delta$ G?