Question 1

Which of the following is NOT true about histones?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are rich in arginine and lysine. 
B)  They bind to negatively charged DNA. 
C)  They are positively charged. 
D)  They are used to control expression of bacterial operons. 
E)  They form units with DNA called nucleosomes. 
A)  They are rich in arginine and lysine. 
B)  They bind to negatively charged DNA. 
C)  They are positively charged. 
D)  They are used to control expression of bacterial operons. 
E)  They form units with DNA called nucleosomes.

Question 2

Bacteria and archaea that grow at extreme pH or temperature possess which feature to protect their DNA from denaturation?

Accepted Answer

A)  pseudogenes 
B)  Okazaki fragments 
C)  DNA-binding proteins 
D)  major grooves 
E)  minor grooves 
A)  pseudogenes 
B)  Okazaki fragments 
C)  DNA-binding proteins 
D)  major grooves 
E)  minor grooves

Question 3

Some of the smallest cellular genomes identified thus far are those of

Accepted Answer

A)  Escherichia coli. 
B)  Staphylococcus. 
C)  Streptococcus. 
D)  Mycoplasma. 
E)  Saccharomyces. 
A)  Escherichia coli. 
B)  Staphylococcus. 
C)  Streptococcus. 
D)  Mycoplasma. 
E)  Saccharomyces.

Question 4

How can plasmids ensure that they are passed on from one generation to the next?

Accepted Answer

Some plasmids are high-copy-number, mean

Question 5

Supercoiling in bacteria is typically introduced by enzymes called

Accepted Answer

A)  gyrases. 
B)  helicases. 
C)  ligases. 
D)  polymerases. 
E)  endonucleases. 
A)  gyrases. 
B)  helicases. 
C)  ligases. 
D)  polymerases. 
E)  endonucleases.

Question 6

The nucleoids of bacteria and most archaea, as well as the nuclear DNA of eukaryotes, are kept ________ supercoiled.

Accepted Answer

A)  positively 
B)  neutrally 
C)  negatively 
D)  loosely 
E)  extra 
A)  positively 
B)  neutrally 
C)  negatively 
D)  loosely 
E)  extra

Question 7

When gently released from an E. coli cell, the nucleoid was found to contain 30 to100 domain loops. How are these loops kept together, and what type of studies have demonstrated their independence?

Accepted Answer

Anchoring histone-like proteins determin

Question 8

What is metagenomics? How have the methods of metagenomics allowed discovery of so many new species? How is it possible to know about these organisms without being able to grow them in a laboratory?

Accepted Answer

Metagenomics is the use of modern genomi

Question 9

Which of the following is true in the DNA double helix?

Accepted Answer

A)  The strands are parallel. 
B)  Phosphate groups are located at the 5'-ends of both strands. 
C)  Adenine complements cytosine. 
D)  Guanine complements thymine. 
E)  Only major grooves can be formed. 
A)  The strands are parallel. 
B)  Phosphate groups are located at the 5'-ends of both strands. 
C)  Adenine complements cytosine. 
D)  Guanine complements thymine. 
E)  Only major grooves can be formed.

Question 10

Besides the nucleoid, two other kinds of DNA molecules that may be present in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell are ________ and the genomes of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  bacteriophages; pseudogenes 
B)  introns; bacteriophages 
C)  plasmids; bacteriophages 
D)  plasmids; introns 
E)  introns; exons 
A)  bacteriophages; pseudogenes 
B)  introns; bacteriophages 
C)  plasmids; bacteriophages 
D)  plasmids; introns 
E)  introns; exons

Question 11

Thermostable DNA polymerases are used in PCR because they

Accepted Answer

A)  bind DNA more efficiently than thermolabile DNA polymerases. 
B)  do not have a proof-reading activity. 
C)  are less expensive than E. coli DNA Pol III. 
D)  can survive at the high temperatures used to denature DNA. 
E)  are water soluble. 
A)  bind DNA more efficiently than thermolabile DNA polymerases. 
B)  do not have a proof-reading activity. 
C)  are less expensive than E. coli DNA Pol III. 
D)  can survive at the high temperatures used to denature DNA. 
E)  are water soluble.

Question 12

The thermal stability of the helix is predominantly due to the ________ of the hydrophobic base pairs.

Accepted Answer

A)  attraction 
B)  binding 
C)  repulsion and van der Waals forces 
D)  stacking 
E)  redox potential 
A)  attraction 
B)  binding 
C)  repulsion and van der Waals forces 
D)  stacking 
E)  redox potential

Question 13

Eukaryotic chromosomes are ________, contained within a nucleus, and they contain DNA associated to a core of histone proteins called the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  linear; proteasome 
B)  linear; nucleosome 
C)  circular; centromere 
D)  circular; nucleosome 
E)  circular; capsid 
A)  linear; proteasome 
B)  linear; nucleosome 
C)  circular; centromere 
D)  circular; nucleosome 
E)  circular; capsid

Question 14

Bacterial type II topoisomerases are the targets of antibiotics such as ________, which has been used to treat ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  ampicillin; urinary tract infections 
B)  rifamycin; bacterial meningitis 
C)  tetracycline; Lyme disease 
D)  ciprofloxacin; anthrax pneumonia 
E)  streyptomycin; tuberculosis 
A)  ampicillin; urinary tract infections 
B)  rifamycin; bacterial meningitis 
C)  tetracycline; Lyme disease 
D)  ciprofloxacin; anthrax pneumonia 
E)  streyptomycin; tuberculosis

Question 15

What is horizontal gene transfer and how does it differ from vertical gene transfer? Is horizontal gene transfer limited to bacteria and archaea?

Accepted Answer

In vertical transfer, genetic informatio

Question 16

What region of the chromosome in E. coli is involved in the replication termination process?

Accepted Answer

A)  oriC 
B)  ter 
C)  TATA box 
D)  att 
E)  dif 
A)  oriC 
B)  ter 
C)  TATA box 
D)  att 
E)  dif

Question 17

In early cloning techniques, E. coli was ________ with the DNA of interest contained in a plasmid or phage vector. This cloned DNA could then be transferred to another organism using a ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  conjugated; contig 
B)  conjugated; vector 
C)  transformed; vector 
D)  transformed; contig 
E)  transformed; polymerase chain reaction 
A)  conjugated; contig 
B)  conjugated; vector 
C)  transformed; vector 
D)  transformed; contig 
E)  transformed; polymerase chain reaction

Question 18

The target of fluoroquinolone drugs is topoisomerase II. What is the mechanism of action of this antibiotic?

Accepted Answer

Fluoroquinolones do not block topoisomer

Question 19

In addition to primases and polymerases, name three other proteins required for initiation and elongation during replication. Describe their functions.

Accepted Answer

Any three of the following (except polym

Question 20

What are the similarities and differences between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

Similarities: They are both made of nucl

Exam 7: Genomes and Chromosomes

Which of the following is NOT true about histones?

Bacteria and archaea that grow at extreme pH or temperature possess which feature to protect their DNA from denaturation?

Some of the smallest cellular genomes identified thus far are those of

How can plasmids ensure that they are passed on from one generation to the next?

Supercoiling in bacteria is typically introduced by enzymes called

The nucleoids of bacteria and most archaea, as well as the nuclear DNA of eukaryotes, are kept ________ supercoiled.

When gently released from an E. coli cell, the nucleoid was found to contain 30 to100 domain loops. How are these loops kept together, and what type of studies have demonstrated their independence?

What is metagenomics? How have the methods of metagenomics allowed discovery of so many new species? How is it possible to know about these organisms without being able to grow them in a laboratory?

Which of the following is true in the DNA double helix?

Besides the nucleoid, two other kinds of DNA molecules that may be present in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell are ________ and the genomes of ________.

Thermostable DNA polymerases are used in PCR because they

The thermal stability of the helix is predominantly due to the ________ of the hydrophobic base pairs.

Eukaryotic chromosomes are ________, contained within a nucleus, and they contain DNA associated to a core of histone proteins called the ________.

Bacterial type II topoisomerases are the targets of antibiotics such as ________, which has been used to treat ________.

What is horizontal gene transfer and how does it differ from vertical gene transfer? Is horizontal gene transfer limited to bacteria and archaea?

What region of the chromosome in E. coli is involved in the replication termination process?

In early cloning techniques, E. coli was ________ with the DNA of interest contained in a plasmid or phage vector. This cloned DNA could then be transferred to another organism using a ________.

The target of fluoroquinolone drugs is topoisomerase II. What is the mechanism of action of this antibiotic?

In addition to primases and polymerases, name three other proteins required for initiation and elongation during replication. Describe their functions.

What are the similarities and differences between DNA and RNA?

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

Filters

Besides the nucleoid, two other kinds of DNA molecules that may be present in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell are and the genomes of .

Eukaryotic chromosomes are , contained within a nucleus, and they contain DNA associated to a core of histone proteins called the .

Bacterial type II topoisomerases are the targets of antibiotics such as , which has been used to treat .

In early cloning techniques, E. coli was with the DNA of interest contained in a plasmid or phage vector. This cloned DNA could then be transferred to another organism using a .