Question 1

What is the main difference between structural genes and control sequences in bacteria? Cite examples for both.

Accepted Answer

A structural gene is a string of nucleot

Question 2

Gene transfer from parent to progeny is called

Accepted Answer

A)  expression. 
B)  horizontal gene transfer. 
C)  vertical gene transfer. 
D)  transformation. 
E)  recombination. 
A)  expression. 
B)  horizontal gene transfer. 
C)  vertical gene transfer. 
D)  transformation. 
E)  recombination.

Question 3

When double-stranded DNA replicates, the newly made strand is related to its template strand because the two strands have

Accepted Answer

A)  identical sequences and are parallel to each other. 
B)  complementary sequences and are parallel to each other. 
C)  identical sequences and are antiparallel to each other. 
D)  complementary sequences and are antiparallel to each other. 
E)  identical sequences and are antiparallel to each other, except that U replaces T. 
A)  identical sequences and are parallel to each other. 
B)  complementary sequences and are parallel to each other. 
C)  identical sequences and are antiparallel to each other. 
D)  complementary sequences and are antiparallel to each other. 
E)  identical sequences and are antiparallel to each other, except that U replaces T.

Question 4

Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reproduction in archaea is predominantly asexual. 
B)  RNA polymerase components of the archaeon Sulfolobus are homologous to those of eukaryotic RNA Pol II. 
C)  All known archaea have a single circular chromosome and genes organized in operons. 
D)  Archaeal DNA-packing proteins and ribosomal components closely resemble those of eukaryotes. 
E)  Both archaeal and eukaryotic genomes encode metabolic pathways of methanogenesis. 
A)  Reproduction in archaea is predominantly asexual. 
B)  RNA polymerase components of the archaeon Sulfolobus are homologous to those of eukaryotic RNA Pol II. 
C)  All known archaea have a single circular chromosome and genes organized in operons. 
D)  Archaeal DNA-packing proteins and ribosomal components closely resemble those of eukaryotes. 
E)  Both archaeal and eukaryotic genomes encode metabolic pathways of methanogenesis.

Question 5

Describe three practical applications of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and possible pitfalls.

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary:
One application is de

Question 6

When preparing Escherichia coli cells for electron microscopy by osmotic disruption, their chromosome was released, revealing a length ________ as long as a single cell.

Accepted Answer

A)  0.5X 
B)  2X 
C)  10X 
D)  100X 
E)  1,500X 
A)  0.5X 
B)  2X 
C)  10X 
D)  100X 
E)  1,500X

Question 7

During replication, the lagging strand is synthesized ________, while the leading strand can be synthesized ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  continuously; discontinuously 
B)  discontinuously; continuously 
C)  5'-to-3'; 3'-to-5' 
D)  3'-to-5'; 5'-to-3' 
E)  quickly; slowly 
A)  continuously; discontinuously 
B)  discontinuously; continuously 
C)  5'-to-3'; 3'-to-5' 
D)  3'-to-5'; 5'-to-3' 
E)  quickly; slowly

Question 8

Describe how the name of bacterial genes and their gene product are denoted.

Accepted Answer

Bacterial gene names usually consist of

Question 9

Which of the following terms refers to gene duplications that have decayed into nonfunctional entities?

Accepted Answer

A)  introns 
B)  contigs 
C)  orthologs 
D)  pseudogenes 
E)  transposons 
A)  introns 
B)  contigs 
C)  orthologs 
D)  pseudogenes 
E)  transposons

Question 10

The sliding clamp is used to ________ and is loaded by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  open the helix; clamp-loading complex 
B)  open the helix; DNA polymerase III 
C)  tether the DNA polymerase to the chromosome; clamp-loading complex 
D)  tether the DNA polymerase to the chromosome; DNA polymerase I 
E)  tether the polymerase to the chromosome; DNA primase 
A)  open the helix; clamp-loading complex 
B)  open the helix; DNA polymerase III 
C)  tether the DNA polymerase to the chromosome; clamp-loading complex 
D)  tether the DNA polymerase to the chromosome; DNA polymerase I 
E)  tether the polymerase to the chromosome; DNA primase

Question 11

How does a restriction-modification system avoid the destruction of a bacterium¢s own genome while breaking down foreign DNA?

Accepted Answer

Bacterial cells have restriction enzymes

Question 12

Which molecule is responsible for removing torsional stress during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA primase 
B)  single-stranded binding proteins 
C)  RNase H 
D)  DNA gyrase 
E)  DNA ligase 
A)  DNA primase 
B)  single-stranded binding proteins 
C)  RNase H 
D)  DNA gyrase 
E)  DNA ligase

Question 13

DNA sequencing by synthesis is a powerful contemporary technique that allows the generation of up to 600 gigabases (Gb) of sequence per run. Which process is part of sequencing by synthesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  The sequencing products are separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 
B)  [32P]-DNA fragments are developed using X-ray film or phosphoimaging. 
C)  The release of pyrophosphate during the incorporation of dNTPs into a growing DNA chain is detected by a complex reaction system that emits light from oxyluciferin. 
D)  About one thousand identical copies of each individual template DNA form a tight cluster (at the mm-level) on the surface of a flow cell prior to sequencing. 
E)  Whole large DNA molecules, such as plasmids or BACs, are used as templates. 
A)  The sequencing products are separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 
B)  [32P]-DNA fragments are developed using X-ray film or phosphoimaging. 
C)  The release of pyrophosphate during the incorporation of dNTPs into a growing DNA chain is detected by a complex reaction system that emits light from oxyluciferin. 
D)  About one thousand identical copies of each individual template DNA form a tight cluster (at the mm-level) on the surface of a flow cell prior to sequencing. 
E)  Whole large DNA molecules, such as plasmids or BACs, are used as templates.

Question 14

What determines the timing of DNA replication in Escherichia coli?

Accepted Answer

DNA methylation, and thus the activities

Question 15

A collection of genes and operons whose expression is controlled by a single protein is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  regulon. 
B)  monocistronic message. 
C)  polycistronic message. 
D)  intron. 
E)  exon. 
A)  regulon. 
B)  monocistronic message. 
C)  polycistronic message. 
D)  intron. 
E)  exon.

Question 16

The term ________ describes a polycistronic messenger RNA whose expression is under control of a promoter.

Accepted Answer

A)  enhancer 
B)  regulon 
C)  operon 
D)  amplicon 
E)  attenuator 
A)  enhancer 
B)  regulon 
C)  operon 
D)  amplicon 
E)  attenuator

Question 17

Use the figure below and describe the general mechanism of how supercoiling can be introduced in a double-stranded, circular DNA molecule. In this example, this DNA is about 300 bp.

Accepted Answer

An ATP-dependent topoisomerase II (e.g.,

Question 18

Hyperthermophilic archaea possess an unusual gyrase called ________, which introduces positive supercoils into the chromosome in order to protect the DNA from ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  reverse DNA gyrase; thermal denaturation 
B)  DNA helicase; thermal denaturation 
C)  topoisomerase I; gene overexpression 
D)  DNA ligase; thermal denaturation 
E)  reverse transcriptase; gene overexpression 
A)  reverse DNA gyrase; thermal denaturation 
B)  DNA helicase; thermal denaturation 
C)  topoisomerase I; gene overexpression 
D)  DNA ligase; thermal denaturation 
E)  reverse transcriptase; gene overexpression

Question 19

DNA and RNA polymerases can only synthesize in the ________ direction.

Accepted Answer

A)  forward 
B)  3'-to-5' 
C)  5'-to-3' 
D)  reverse 
E)  5'-to-3' or 3'-to-5' 
A)  forward 
B)  3'-to-5' 
C)  5'-to-3' 
D)  reverse 
E)  5'-to-3' or 3'-to-5'

Question 20

Describe the role of the two RNA polymerases that are involved in the early stages of bacterial DNA replication.

Accepted Answer

The first RNA polymerase is the so-calle

Exam 7: Genomes and Chromosomes

What is the main difference between structural genes and control sequences in bacteria? Cite examples for both.

Gene transfer from parent to progeny is called

When double-stranded DNA replicates, the newly made strand is related to its template strand because the two strands have

Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement?

Describe three practical applications of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and possible pitfalls.

When preparing Escherichia coli cells for electron microscopy by osmotic disruption, their chromosome was released, revealing a length ________ as long as a single cell.

During replication, the lagging strand is synthesized ________, while the leading strand can be synthesized ________.

Describe how the name of bacterial genes and their gene product are denoted.

Which of the following terms refers to gene duplications that have decayed into nonfunctional entities?

The sliding clamp is used to ________ and is loaded by ________.

How does a restriction-modification system avoid the destruction of a bacterium¢s own genome while breaking down foreign DNA?

Which molecule is responsible for removing torsional stress during DNA replication?

DNA sequencing by synthesis is a powerful contemporary technique that allows the generation of up to 600 gigabases (Gb) of sequence per run. Which process is part of sequencing by synthesis?

What determines the timing of DNA replication in Escherichia coli?

A collection of genes and operons whose expression is controlled by a single protein is called a(n)

The term ________ describes a polycistronic messenger RNA whose expression is under control of a promoter.

Use the figure below and describe the general mechanism of how supercoiling can be introduced in a double-stranded, circular DNA molecule. In this example, this DNA is about 300 bp.

Hyperthermophilic archaea possess an unusual gyrase called ________, which introduces positive supercoils into the chromosome in order to protect the DNA from ________.

DNA and RNA polymerases can only synthesize in the ________ direction.

Describe the role of the two RNA polymerases that are involved in the early stages of bacterial DNA replication.

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

Filters

During replication, the lagging strand is synthesized , while the leading strand can be synthesized .

The sliding clamp is used to and is loaded by .

Hyperthermophilic archaea possess an unusual gyrase called , which introduces positive supercoils into the chromosome in order to protect the DNA from .