Question 1

A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  respiratory alkalosis 
B)  metabolic alkalosis 
C)  respiratory acidosis 
D)  metabolic acidosis 
A)  respiratory alkalosis 
B)  metabolic alkalosis 
C)  respiratory acidosis 
D)  metabolic acidosis B

Question 2

A 13- year- old girl is admitted to the psychiatric unit for anorexia. Her body weight is 89 lbs. and height is 64 inches. She admits to frequent self- induced vomiting and abuse of laxatives. She was treated on the medical unit with intravenous fluids. Now that she is on the psychiatric unit she is experiencing fluid retention as evidenced by mild puffiness and bloating. Explain these symptoms.

Accepted Answer

It is not uncommon for anorexics who are chronically fluid depleted to develop a compensatory increased production of aldosterone, which causes the kidneys to conserve sodium and water.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?

Accepted Answer

A)  There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts. 
B)  Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts. 
C)  Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts. 
D)  Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid shifts in the body. 
A)  There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts. 
B)  Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts. 
C)  Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts. 
D)  Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid shifts in the body. B

Question 4

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to _.

Accepted Answer

A)  reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention 
B)  activate the renin- angiotensin mechanism 
C)  prevent pH changes caused by organic acids 
D)  enhance atrial contractions 
A)  reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention 
B)  activate the renin- angiotensin mechanism 
C)  prevent pH changes caused by organic acids 
D)  enhance atrial contractions

Question 5

Acidosis occurs when arterial blood pH is below _ .

Accepted Answer

The answer of Acidosis occurs when arterial blood pH is...

Question 6

Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

When the blood becomes hypertonic (too many solutes), ADH is released. What is the effect of ADH on the kidney tubules?

Accepted Answer

The release of ADH causes the

Question 8

Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body?

Accepted Answer

A)  aldosterone 
B)  glucocorticoids 
C)  ADH 
D)  water levels 
A)  aldosterone 
B)  glucocorticoids 
C)  ADH 
D)  water levels

Question 9

The most important force causing net water flow across capillary walls is _ .

Accepted Answer

A)  hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid 
B)  osmotic pressure of plasma proteins 
C)  hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood 
D)  intracellular hydrostatic pressure 
A)  hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid 
B)  osmotic pressure of plasma proteins 
C)  hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood 
D)  intracellular hydrostatic pressure

Question 10

Which of the choices below is not an essential role of salts in the body?

Accepted Answer

A)  anabolism of lipids 
B)  membrane permeability 
C)  secretory activity 
D)  neuromuscular activity 
A)  anabolism of lipids 
B)  membrane permeability 
C)  secretory activity 
D)  neuromuscular activity

Question 11

Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing an imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Respiratory alkalosis occurs when carbon dioxide is eliminated than it is produced.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Respiratory alkalosis occurs when carbon dioxide is...

Question 13

Which of the following does not depend on the presence of electrolytes?

Accepted Answer

A)  membrane polarity 
B)  amount of body fat 
C)  maintenance of osmotic relations between cells and ECF 
D)  neuromuscular excitability 
A)  membrane polarity 
B)  amount of body fat 
C)  maintenance of osmotic relations between cells and ECF 
D)  neuromuscular excitability

Question 14

What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention?

Accepted Answer

A)  thyroxine 
B)  atrial natriuretic peptide 
C)  ADH 
D)  aldosterone 
A)  thyroxine 
B)  atrial natriuretic peptide 
C)  ADH 
D)  aldosterone

Question 15

Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

The regulation of potassium balance .

Accepted Answer

A)  is accomplished mainly by hepatic mechanisms 
B)  involves aldosterone- induced secretion of potassium 
C)  includes renal secretion, but never absorption 
D)  is not linked to sodium balance 
A)  is accomplished mainly by hepatic mechanisms 
B)  involves aldosterone- induced secretion of potassium 
C)  includes renal secretion, but never absorption 
D)  is not linked to sodium balance

Question 17

Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids?

Accepted Answer

A)  little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids 
B)  Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids 
C)  K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids 
D)  equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids 
A)  little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids 
B)  Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids 
C)  K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids 
D)  equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids

Question 18

The electrolyte deficiency condition where the individual may crave substances like clay, chalk, starch or burnt match tips is called _.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The electrolyte deficiency condition where the individual...

Question 19

One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is _ .

Accepted Answer

A)  drinking caffeinated beverages 
B)  a dry mouth from high temperatures 
C)  becoming overly agitated 
D)  a rise in plasma osmolality 
A)  drinking caffeinated beverages 
B)  a dry mouth from high temperatures 
C)  becoming overly agitated 
D)  a rise in plasma osmolality

Question 20

Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions) originate as by- products of cellular metabolism.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis?

Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to _.

Acidosis occurs when arterial blood pH is below _ .

Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body.

When the blood becomes hypertonic (too many solutes), ADH is released. What is the effect of ADH on the kidney tubules?

Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body?

The most important force causing net water flow across capillary walls is _ .

Which of the choices below is not an essential role of salts in the body?

Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing an imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration.

Respiratory alkalosis occurs when carbon dioxide is eliminated than it is produced.

Which of the following does not depend on the presence of electrolytes?

What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention?

Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion.

The regulation of potassium balance .

Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids?

The electrolyte deficiency condition where the individual may crave substances like clay, chalk, starch or burnt match tips is called _.

One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is _ .

Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions) originate as by- products of cellular metabolism.

The Human Body: an Orientation

Chemistry Comes Alive

Cells: the Living Units

Tissue: the Living Fabric

The Integumentary System

Bones and Skeletal Tissues

The Skeleton

Joints

Muscles and Muscle Tissue

The Muscular System

Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue

The Central Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity

The Autonomic Nervous System

The Special Senses

The Endocrine System

Blood

The Cardiovascular System: the Heart

The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels

The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Organs and Tissues

The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defensives

The Respiratory System

The Digestive System

Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation

The Urinary System

The Reproductive System

Pregnancy and Human Development

Heredity

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