Question 1

Which virus is NOT effected by antiviral DNA synthesis inhibitors?

Accepted Answer

A)  influenza 
B)  HIV 
C)  H1N1 
D)  Ebola 
E)  Marburg 
A)  influenza 
B)  HIV 
C)  H1N1 
D)  Ebola 
E)  Marburg

Question 2

Bactericidal antibiotics include all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  aminoglycosides. 
B)  quinolones. 
C)  rifampins. 
D)  macrolides. 
E)  penicillins. 
A)  aminoglycosides. 
B)  quinolones. 
C)  rifampins. 
D)  macrolides. 
E)  penicillins.

Question 3

The influenza envelope neuraminidase viral spike protein allows the virus to

Accepted Answer

A)  escape from antibiotics. 
B)  acidify the endocytic chamber. 
C)  release new virions from an infected host cell. 
D)  bind to host cell glycoproteins. 
E)  undergo viral membrane fusion. 
A)  escape from antibiotics. 
B)  acidify the endocytic chamber. 
C)  release new virions from an infected host cell. 
D)  bind to host cell glycoproteins. 
E)  undergo viral membrane fusion.

Question 4

Gene-expression elements that account for rapid transmission of drug resistance due to their mobility and ability to collect resistance gene cassettes are called

Accepted Answer

A)  mobile units. 
B)  virulence plasmids. 
C)  integrons. 
D)  insertion prophages. 
E)  multidrug resistant enhancers. 
A)  mobile units. 
B)  virulence plasmids. 
C)  integrons. 
D)  insertion prophages. 
E)  multidrug resistant enhancers.

Question 5

Which of the following is an antiviral that inhibits DNA synthesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Acyclovir 
B)  Amantadine 
C)  Zanamivir 
D)  Ribavirin 
E)  Raltegravir 
A)  Acyclovir 
B)  Amantadine 
C)  Zanamivir 
D)  Ribavirin 
E)  Raltegravir

Question 6

The best target for development of a new antibiotic would be

Accepted Answer

A)  phospholipids in the plasma membrane. 
B)  the glycolysis pathway. 
C)  pyrimidine bases. 
D)  the nuclear envelope. 
E)  ribosomes. 
A)  phospholipids in the plasma membrane. 
B)  the glycolysis pathway. 
C)  pyrimidine bases. 
D)  the nuclear envelope. 
E)  ribosomes.

Question 7

Outline and discuss the steps that a research laboratory would go through to discover a new antibiotic to treat a systemic infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Accepted Answer

· Identify new targets (such as unique e

Question 8

Bacterial peptidoglycan formation uses all of the following components EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  N-acetylmuramic acid. 
B)  uridine diphosphate. 
C)  bactoprenol. 
D)  hopanoid. 
E)  N-acetylglucosamine. 
A)  N-acetylmuramic acid. 
B)  uridine diphosphate. 
C)  bactoprenol. 
D)  hopanoid. 
E)  N-acetylglucosamine.

Question 9

Why are drug-resistant bacteria less viable in comparison with wild type?

Accepted Answer

Drug-resistant bacteria have obtained ei

Question 10

A novel antibiotic, discovered to treat blood-borne bacteria during sepsis infection, is found to have a dramatic effect during MIC assays. Mice studies that followed found the drug to be cleared from the body within 15 minutes of oral administration. Would this be a good drug candidate for sepsis? Why or why not? What suggestions would you make? Support your answer.

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary. Several factors must

Question 11

Which of the following statements about the Kirby-Bauer assay is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is used to test multiple bacteria simultaneously on a single plate. 
B)  It uses serial dilutions of specific antibiotics to determine MIC. 
C)  Zones of inhibition that are smaller are better antibiotics than antibiotics that form larger zones. 
D)  It can test up to 12 different antibiotic disks at one time. 
E)  It cannot be correlated with in vivo tissue concentrations. 
A)  It is used to test multiple bacteria simultaneously on a single plate. 
B)  It uses serial dilutions of specific antibiotics to determine MIC. 
C)  Zones of inhibition that are smaller are better antibiotics than antibiotics that form larger zones. 
D)  It can test up to 12 different antibiotic disks at one time. 
E)  It cannot be correlated with in vivo tissue concentrations.

Question 12

A drug designed to poke holes into the plasma membrane of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria would best be considered

Accepted Answer

A)  bactericidal. 
B)  microbe sensitive. 
C)  semiselective. 
D)  bacteriostatic. 
E)  bacteriocompetent. 
A)  bactericidal. 
B)  microbe sensitive. 
C)  semiselective. 
D)  bacteriostatic. 
E)  bacteriocompetent.

Question 13

What is shown in the figure below?

Accepted Answer

A)  B-lactam 
B)  streptogramins 
C)  protein synthesis inhibitors 
D)  ribosome 
E)  mulidrug resistance efflux pump 
A)  B-lactam 
B)  streptogramins 
C)  protein synthesis inhibitors 
D)  ribosome 
E)  mulidrug resistance efflux pump

Question 14

The Mueller-Hinton medium used in the Kirby-Bauer assay contains no para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA, normally found in most media) because it

Accepted Answer

A)  causes an increase in bacterial lag time. 
B)  interferes with the diffusion of penicillin and penicillin-like drugs. 
C)  creates a false bacteriostatic effect. 
D)  polymerizes streptomycin drugs and their derivatives. 
E)  inhibits sulfa antibiotics testing. 
A)  causes an increase in bacterial lag time. 
B)  interferes with the diffusion of penicillin and penicillin-like drugs. 
C)  creates a false bacteriostatic effect. 
D)  polymerizes streptomycin drugs and their derivatives. 
E)  inhibits sulfa antibiotics testing.

Question 15

There are fewer antivirals currently available in most pharmacies than there are antibacterials because

Accepted Answer

A)  bacterial cells are less complex than viruses. 
B)  selective toxicity is much easier to achieve for bacteria. 
C)  most antivirals available are for uncommon, life-threatening infections. 
D)  selective toxicity is much easier to achieve for viruses. 
E)  MIC values are larger for bacteria than for viruses. 
A)  bacterial cells are less complex than viruses. 
B)  selective toxicity is much easier to achieve for bacteria. 
C)  most antivirals available are for uncommon, life-threatening infections. 
D)  selective toxicity is much easier to achieve for viruses. 
E)  MIC values are larger for bacteria than for viruses.

Question 16

A bacterium may be penicillin resistant due to all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  a Gram-negative cell wall. 
B)  beta-lactase production. 
C)  a Gram-positive cell wall. 
D)  modified transpeptidases. 
E)  modified transglycosylases. 
A)  a Gram-negative cell wall. 
B)  beta-lactase production. 
C)  a Gram-positive cell wall. 
D)  modified transpeptidases. 
E)  modified transglycosylases.

Question 17

Describe the mechanism by which the influenza virus enters or exits a host cell and one potential drug target that is being used to prevent infection.

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary based on student choic

Question 18

Explain the activation of metronidazole using the figure below.

Accepted Answer

For anaerobes, single electron transfers

Question 19

Streptogramins are a drug class that possess a synergistic effect. This means that they

Accepted Answer

A)  work best on antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-intermediate bacteria. 
B)  kill bacteria using both bacteriostatic and bactericidal mechanisms. 
C)  have two drug components working together to create a more potent effect. 
D)  induce an antibody-driven immune response more quickly. 
E)  kill Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and mycobacteria equally well. 
A)  work best on antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-intermediate bacteria. 
B)  kill bacteria using both bacteriostatic and bactericidal mechanisms. 
C)  have two drug components working together to create a more potent effect. 
D)  induce an antibody-driven immune response more quickly. 
E)  kill Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and mycobacteria equally well.

Question 20

Antiviral therapy for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) usually consists of a protease inhibitor that inhibits what function?

Accepted Answer

A)  viral exit of the newly formed virions by vial budding 
B)  viral fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane 
C)  binding to the CD4 receptor on human immune cells 
D)  insertion of viral DNA into the host cell DNA 
E)  cleavage of polypeptide chains to make functional HIV viral proteins 
A)  viral exit of the newly formed virions by vial budding 
B)  viral fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane 
C)  binding to the CD4 receptor on human immune cells 
D)  insertion of viral DNA into the host cell DNA 
E)  cleavage of polypeptide chains to make functional HIV viral proteins

Exam 27: Antimicrobial Therapy

Which virus is NOT effected by antiviral DNA synthesis inhibitors?

Bactericidal antibiotics include all of the following EXCEPT

The influenza envelope neuraminidase viral spike protein allows the virus to

Gene-expression elements that account for rapid transmission of drug resistance due to their mobility and ability to collect resistance gene cassettes are called

Which of the following is an antiviral that inhibits DNA synthesis?

The best target for development of a new antibiotic would be

Outline and discuss the steps that a research laboratory would go through to discover a new antibiotic to treat a systemic infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Bacterial peptidoglycan formation uses all of the following components EXCEPT

Why are drug-resistant bacteria less viable in comparison with wild type?

Which of the following statements about the Kirby-Bauer assay is true?

A drug designed to poke holes into the plasma membrane of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria would best be considered

What is shown in the figure below?

The Mueller-Hinton medium used in the Kirby-Bauer assay contains no para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA, normally found in most media) because it

There are fewer antivirals currently available in most pharmacies than there are antibacterials because

A bacterium may be penicillin resistant due to all of the following EXCEPT

Describe the mechanism by which the influenza virus enters or exits a host cell and one potential drug target that is being used to prevent infection.

Explain the activation of metronidazole using the figure below.

Streptogramins are a drug class that possess a synergistic effect. This means that they

Antiviral therapy for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) usually consists of a protease inhibitor that inhibits what function?

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

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