Question 1

The transformasome necessary for cell competency in Gram-positive bacteria is regulated using which of the following methods?

Accepted Answer

A)  an alternative sigma factor to transcribe the necessary genes 
B)  a repressor protein to keep the genes turned off 
C)  induction in the presence of fertility factors 
D)  each gene has an attenuator 
E)  use of a restriction-modification system 
A)  an alternative sigma factor to transcribe the necessary genes 
B)  a repressor protein to keep the genes turned off 
C)  induction in the presence of fertility factors 
D)  each gene has an attenuator 
E)  use of a restriction-modification system A

Question 2

Genomes are considered to be mosaic. Which of the following statements provides the LEAST support for this idea?

Accepted Answer

A)  E. coli can receive plasmids from other strains of Gram-negative bacteria. 
B)  The archaeon Methanocaldococcus jannaschii has many proteins with sequence homology to proteins found in both bacteria and eukarya. 
C)  Agrobacterium can transfer plasmids to plants. 
D)  Genome sequencing and informatics has revealed a variety of homologous genes throughout the domains of life. 
E)  Genes from Mesorhizobium loti have been found in other new species of Mesorhizobium. 
A)  E. coli can receive plasmids from other strains of Gram-negative bacteria. 
B)  The archaeon Methanocaldococcus jannaschii has many proteins with sequence homology to proteins found in both bacteria and eukarya. 
C)  Agrobacterium can transfer plasmids to plants. 
D)  Genome sequencing and informatics has revealed a variety of homologous genes throughout the domains of life. 
E)  Genes from Mesorhizobium loti have been found in other new species of Mesorhizobium. A

Question 3

In the figure below, which type(s) of mutation(s) is/are introducing frameshifts?

Accepted Answer

A)  A and B 
B)  C and D 
C)  D and E 
D)  A, B, and C 
E)  only D 
A)  A and B 
B)  C and D 
C)  D and E 
D)  A, B, and C 
E)  only D B

Question 4

The following statements about superfamily proteins are true EXCEPT that

Accepted Answer

A)  ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters serve as an example. 
B)  proteins with structural and functional similarity but low sequence homology may be considered superfamilies. 
C)  superfamily proteins are encoded by genes found on superfamily islands. 
D)  superfamily proteins are encoded by genes that have been duplicates and then mutated. 
E)  proteins such as HSP70 that are found in all domains of life are examples. 
A)  ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters serve as an example. 
B)  proteins with structural and functional similarity but low sequence homology may be considered superfamilies. 
C)  superfamily proteins are encoded by genes found on superfamily islands. 
D)  superfamily proteins are encoded by genes that have been duplicates and then mutated. 
E)  proteins such as HSP70 that are found in all domains of life are examples.

Question 5

The difference between generalized and specialized transduction is

Accepted Answer

A)  the size of the plasmids being moved. 
B)  the size of the phages being used. 
C)  that in generalized transduction, chromosomes are moved, whereas in specialized transduction, plasmids are moved. 
D)  that in generalized transduction, any DNA can be moved, but with specialized transduction, only certain DNA near the phage site can be moved. 
E)  There is no difference. 
A)  the size of the plasmids being moved. 
B)  the size of the phages being used. 
C)  that in generalized transduction, chromosomes are moved, whereas in specialized transduction, plasmids are moved. 
D)  that in generalized transduction, any DNA can be moved, but with specialized transduction, only certain DNA near the phage site can be moved. 
E)  There is no difference.

Question 6

Consider a culture of 10,000 cells that double to 20,000 cells. If measuring 100 mutations in the population, the mutation frequency would be

Accepted Answer

A)  100 mutations / ~4,500 genes = 0.022. 
B)  100 mutations / 1 generation = 100. 
C)  100 mutations / 20,000 cells = 0.05. 
D)  100 mutations / 10,000 new cells = 0.001. 
E)  (100 / ~4,500 genes) / 10,000 new cells = 0.0000022. 
A)  100 mutations / ~4,500 genes = 0.022. 
B)  100 mutations / 1 generation = 100. 
C)  100 mutations / 20,000 cells = 0.05. 
D)  100 mutations / 10,000 new cells = 0.001. 
E)  (100 / ~4,500 genes) / 10,000 new cells = 0.0000022.

Question 7

Which of the following is the activator of the SOS response?

Accepted Answer

A)  RecA 
B)  LexA 
C)  FtsZ 
D)  sulA 
E)  uvrA 
A)  RecA 
B)  LexA 
C)  FtsZ 
D)  sulA 
E)  uvrA

Question 8

Why does a genetic experiment using recombination generally involve screening hundreds of millions of cells to find a few recombinants that form visible colonies?

Accepted Answer

The whole process of recombination is ve

Question 9

Describe two processes that may happen during the evolution toward pathogenicity.

Accepted Answer

First, bacteria may gain pathogenicity i

Question 10

A difference between type II restriction enzyme and type I or type III restriction enzymes is that

Accepted Answer

A)  type II enzymes require shorter recognition sequences. 
B)  type II enzymes cut at the recognition sequence rather than elsewhere. 
C)  type I and III cut palindromic sequences but type II does not. 
D)  type I and III require different proteins for methylation and cutting. 
E)  type II enzymes are found only in Gram-positive bacteria. 
A)  type II enzymes require shorter recognition sequences. 
B)  type II enzymes cut at the recognition sequence rather than elsewhere. 
C)  type I and III cut palindromic sequences but type II does not. 
D)  type I and III require different proteins for methylation and cutting. 
E)  type II enzymes are found only in Gram-positive bacteria.

Question 11

Describe four of the informational classes of mutations.

Accepted Answer

Any four of the following are acceptable

Question 12

Which of the following mutagens does NOT cause point mutations?

Accepted Answer

A)  caffeine 
B)  5-bromouracil 
C)  nitrosoguanidine 
D)  nitrites 
E)  acridine dyes 
A)  caffeine 
B)  5-bromouracil 
C)  nitrosoguanidine 
D)  nitrites 
E)  acridine dyes

Question 13

An example of vertical gene transfer is the

Accepted Answer

A)  development of many genetically diverse mesorhizobia via incorporation of a 500 kB segment from a mesorhizobium. 
B)  uptake of beta-lactamase genes by Streptococcus pneumoniae. 
C)  transfer of CRISPR spacers to daughter cells during cell division. 
D)  transfer of a Ti plasmid from agrobacterium to a plant. 
E)  transfer of conjugative plasmids from one strain to another. 
A)  development of many genetically diverse mesorhizobia via incorporation of a 500 kB segment from a mesorhizobium. 
B)  uptake of beta-lactamase genes by Streptococcus pneumoniae. 
C)  transfer of CRISPR spacers to daughter cells during cell division. 
D)  transfer of a Ti plasmid from agrobacterium to a plant. 
E)  transfer of conjugative plasmids from one strain to another.

Question 14

What are the differences between replicative and nonreplicative transposition?

Accepted Answer

In nonreplicative transposition, the tra

Question 15

After extensive DNA damage, special DNA polymerases are expressed that sacrifice replication ________ to rescue the damaged genome.

Accepted Answer

A)  initiation 
B)  accuracy 
C)  termination 
D)  modification 
E)  restriction 
A)  initiation 
B)  accuracy 
C)  termination 
D)  modification 
E)  restriction

Question 16

During conjugation, the DNA passes through the ________, NOT the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  membranes; pilus 
B)  pilus; membranes 
C)  pilus; phage 
D)  phage; pilus 
E)  F factor; phage 
A)  membranes; pilus 
B)  pilus; membranes 
C)  pilus; phage 
D)  phage; pilus 
E)  F factor; phage

Question 17

CRISPR is considered an example of adaptive immunity in bacteria and archaea because it

Accepted Answer

A)  methylates host DNA and destroys invading DNA. 
B)  requires host "pac" sites in order to destroy invading DNA. 
C)  minimizes damage from foreign DNA by using guide RNA similar to the invader and cas proteins to cleave the foreign DNA. 
D)  prevents the production of cell surface receptors that allow phages to get into the cell. 
E)  prevents archaeal DNA from infecting bacteria. 
A)  methylates host DNA and destroys invading DNA. 
B)  requires host "pac" sites in order to destroy invading DNA. 
C)  minimizes damage from foreign DNA by using guide RNA similar to the invader and cas proteins to cleave the foreign DNA. 
D)  prevents the production of cell surface receptors that allow phages to get into the cell. 
E)  prevents archaeal DNA from infecting bacteria.

Question 18

In the figure shown below, product A is the result of ________ and product B is the result of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  vertical gene transfer; horizontal gene transfer 
B)  nonreplicative transposition; replicative transposition 
C)  nonhomologous recombination; homologous recombination 
D)  missense mutation; nonsense mutation 
E)  generalized transduction; specialized transduction 
A)  vertical gene transfer; horizontal gene transfer 
B)  nonreplicative transposition; replicative transposition 
C)  nonhomologous recombination; homologous recombination 
D)  missense mutation; nonsense mutation 
E)  generalized transduction; specialized transduction

Question 19

Describe a frameshift mutation in terms of insertions and deletions. Does an insertion always result in a frameshift mutation? Will an insertion always render the gene product nonfunctional?

Accepted Answer

The ribosome reads the message one codon

Question 20

When a population is under threat, which of the following would spread?

Accepted Answer

A)  F plasmids 
B)  bacteriophage 
C)  resistance plasmids 
D)  conjugative transposons 
E)  genome reductions 
A)  F plasmids 
B)  bacteriophage 
C)  resistance plasmids 
D)  conjugative transposons 
E)  genome reductions

Exam 9: Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

The transformasome necessary for cell competency in Gram-positive bacteria is regulated using which of the following methods?

Genomes are considered to be mosaic. Which of the following statements provides the LEAST support for this idea?

In the figure below, which type(s) of mutation(s) is/are introducing frameshifts?

The following statements about superfamily proteins are true EXCEPT that

The difference between generalized and specialized transduction is

Consider a culture of 10,000 cells that double to 20,000 cells. If measuring 100 mutations in the population, the mutation frequency would be

Which of the following is the activator of the SOS response?

Why does a genetic experiment using recombination generally involve screening hundreds of millions of cells to find a few recombinants that form visible colonies?

Describe two processes that may happen during the evolution toward pathogenicity.

A difference between type II restriction enzyme and type I or type III restriction enzymes is that

Describe four of the informational classes of mutations.

Which of the following mutagens does NOT cause point mutations?

An example of vertical gene transfer is the

What are the differences between replicative and nonreplicative transposition?

After extensive DNA damage, special DNA polymerases are expressed that sacrifice replication ________ to rescue the damaged genome.

During conjugation, the DNA passes through the ________, NOT the ________.

CRISPR is considered an example of adaptive immunity in bacteria and archaea because it

In the figure shown below, product A is the result of ________ and product B is the result of ________.

Describe a frameshift mutation in terms of insertions and deletions. Does an insertion always result in a frameshift mutation? Will an insertion always render the gene product nonfunctional?

When a population is under threat, which of the following would spread?

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

Filters

During conjugation, the DNA passes through the , NOT the .

In the figure shown below, product A is the result of and product B is the result of .