Question 1

Which of the following is INCORRECT about a virus?

Accepted Answer

A)  It may cause human pneumonia. 
B)  It may be as large as some bacteria. 
C)  It conducts DNA repair. 
D)  It conducts protein folding by chaperones. 
E)  It is a cellular particle. 
A)  It may cause human pneumonia. 
B)  It may be as large as some bacteria. 
C)  It conducts DNA repair. 
D)  It conducts protein folding by chaperones. 
E)  It is a cellular particle. E

Question 2

Name the different types of receptors shown in the figure below.

Accepted Answer

Different types of receptors shown include the following: LPS, which is a lipid polysaccharide molecule; ompF molecules, which are transport channels; and TOLC, which is a bacteria membrane protein.

Question 3

Dysbiosis is the result of

Accepted Answer

A)  deterioration of health due to loss of bacteria. 
B)  increase in health due to loss of bacteria. 
C)  host bacterium undergoing a lytic cycle. 
D)  host bacterium undergoing a lysogenic cycle. 
E)  slow release. 
A)  deterioration of health due to loss of bacteria. 
B)  increase in health due to loss of bacteria. 
C)  host bacterium undergoing a lytic cycle. 
D)  host bacterium undergoing a lysogenic cycle. 
E)  slow release. A

Question 4

Which structure of a virion protects it from degradation and enables it to be transmitted outside the host?

Accepted Answer

A)  capsule 
B)  capsid 
C)  envelope 
D)  nucleus 
E)  spikes 
A)  capsule 
B)  capsid 
C)  envelope 
D)  nucleus 
E)  spikes

Question 5

How can a virus be used to transfer genes from one bacterial cell to another?

Accepted Answer

In the process of transduction, a lysoge

Question 6

What is the advantage of symmetry in viral particles?

Accepted Answer

Symmetry provides a way to form a packag

Question 7

Filamentous viruses are classified in part by the pattern of capsid monomers, which form a ________ tube around the genome.

Accepted Answer

A)  icosahedral 
B)  filamentous 
C)  asymmetrical 
D)  complex 
E)  helical 
A)  icosahedral 
B)  filamentous 
C)  asymmetrical 
D)  complex 
E)  helical

Question 8

What phages have been used to nucleate the growth of crystalline "nanowires" for electronic devices?

Accepted Answer

A)  icosahedral 
B)  complex 
C)  asymmetrical 
D)  filamentous 
E)  viroid 
A)  icosahedral 
B)  complex 
C)  asymmetrical 
D)  filamentous 
E)  viroid

Question 9

Some viral species may derive their ________ from intracellular membranes, such as the nuclear membrane or endoplasmic reticulum.

Accepted Answer

A)  capsid 
B)  genome 
C)  envelope 
D)  neck 
E)  tail fibers 
A)  capsid 
B)  genome 
C)  envelope 
D)  neck 
E)  tail fibers

Question 10

The proteomic tree of bacteriophages is based on comprehensive analysis of viral

Accepted Answer

A)  DNAs. 
B)  RNAs. 
C)  proteins. 
D)  capsids. 
E)  host ranges. 
A)  DNAs. 
B)  RNAs. 
C)  proteins. 
D)  capsids. 
E)  host ranges.

Question 11

Why are viruses not affected by antibiotics? Why are there so few antiviral drugs?

Accepted Answer

Viruses are not cellular entities. Commo

Question 12

During the eclipse period of a viral infection, why are the virions undetectable in the growth medium?

Accepted Answer

The virions attach to cell-sur

Question 13

To count the number of viruses in a solution, one can perform a plaque assay. Describe how a plaque is generated in the case of a lytic virus and how a virus that does not lyse its host can be detected.

Accepted Answer

A plaque represents the area where one v

Question 14

What role do acute viruses play in their ecosystem?

Accepted Answer

A)  transfer genes across species 
B)  act as predator or parasite 
C)  evolve symbiotically with host 
D)  act as a bioweapon 
E)  act as a viral shunt 
A)  transfer genes across species 
B)  act as predator or parasite 
C)  evolve symbiotically with host 
D)  act as a bioweapon 
E)  act as a viral shunt

Question 15

Evaluate what determines which cycle a temperate phage will go through as shown in the figure below.

Accepted Answer

Proteins bind DNA to repress viral repli

Question 16

The integrated phage genome is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  temperate. 
B)  lysogen. 
C)  oncogene. 
D)  lytic. 
E)  prophage. 
A)  temperate. 
B)  lysogen. 
C)  oncogene. 
D)  lytic. 
E)  prophage.

Question 17

Proteomic analysis predicts seven major evolutionary categories of phage species with subgroups based on

Accepted Answer

A)  type of genetic material. 
B)  virion structure. 
C)  shared hosts. 
D)  transcriptional strategy. 
E)  replicase gene sequence. 
A)  type of genetic material. 
B)  virion structure. 
C)  shared hosts. 
D)  transcriptional strategy. 
E)  replicase gene sequence.

Question 18

Explain the process shown in the figure below.

Accepted Answer

This is an adenovirus infectin

Question 19

A key factor in the evolution of killer strains of influenza is that they

Accepted Answer

A)  only have eight genes. 
B)  have an RNA genome. 
C)  contain reverse transcriptase. 
D)  have a segmented genome. 
E)  have a circular chromosome. 
A)  only have eight genes. 
B)  have an RNA genome. 
C)  contain reverse transcriptase. 
D)  have a segmented genome. 
E)  have a circular chromosome.

Question 20

Why do many RNA viruses encode their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and package them in viral particles? How do we take advantage of these viral-specific polymerases?

Accepted Answer

Animal or bacterial cells lack RNA-depen

Exam 6: Viruses

Which of the following is INCORRECT about a virus?

Name the different types of receptors shown in the figure below.

Dysbiosis is the result of

Which structure of a virion protects it from degradation and enables it to be transmitted outside the host?

How can a virus be used to transfer genes from one bacterial cell to another?

What is the advantage of symmetry in viral particles?

Filamentous viruses are classified in part by the pattern of capsid monomers, which form a ________ tube around the genome.

What phages have been used to nucleate the growth of crystalline "nanowires" for electronic devices?

Some viral species may derive their ________ from intracellular membranes, such as the nuclear membrane or endoplasmic reticulum.

The proteomic tree of bacteriophages is based on comprehensive analysis of viral

Why are viruses not affected by antibiotics? Why are there so few antiviral drugs?

During the eclipse period of a viral infection, why are the virions undetectable in the growth medium?

To count the number of viruses in a solution, one can perform a plaque assay. Describe how a plaque is generated in the case of a lytic virus and how a virus that does not lyse its host can be detected.

What role do acute viruses play in their ecosystem?

Evaluate what determines which cycle a temperate phage will go through as shown in the figure below.

The integrated phage genome is called a(n)

Proteomic analysis predicts seven major evolutionary categories of phage species with subgroups based on

Explain the process shown in the figure below.

A key factor in the evolution of killer strains of influenza is that they

Why do many RNA viruses encode their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and package them in viral particles? How do we take advantage of these viral-specific polymerases?

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

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