Exam 27: Antimicrobial Therapy

You are designing a new antibiotic to treat infections caused by the fungal agent Cryptococcus neoformans, a potentially fatal lung infection in patients on long-term corticosteroid therapy. What issues could you run into with selective toxicity, and what strategies would you use in your development?

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Question 1

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Answers regarding development approaches will vary. Fungal infections are much harder to treat than bacterial infections since fungal physiology is much closer to human physiology (both are eukaryotic organisms). Additionally, fungi have efficient drug detoxification systems that can modify and detoxify many antibiotics. In order for antifungal agents to have a fungistatic effect, repeat applications are often necessary to keep levels of the unmodified drug above MIC level. Strategies that could be used may include the following:
· Looking toward modifying targets used in current successful antifungal therapies (sterol synthesis inhibitors, mitotic spindle/cell division blockers, and ergosterol targeting or blocking);
· Screening new natural compounds for antifungal effects; and
· Genomic analysis of unique fungal targets.

Platensimycin is a novel antibiotic that was recently discovered. An attribute it does NOT have is that it

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Chemical synthesis of a new drug with a 15-member lactone ring structure would be predicted to be most similar to the antibiotic class and the inhibitor.

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How does prescribing a "dummy compound," like clavulanic acid, begin to address an infant bacterial infection with a Klebsiella sp. that is ampicillin resistant?

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Question 4

A new antibiotic, platensimycin, was recently discovered from what organism?

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Question 5

One of the leading sources of human infection by antibiotic-resistant organisms is ________ infections.

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Question 6

The antiviral nucleoside inhibitor zidovudine, used in treating HIV infection, works by

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Question 7

An MIC test can determine all of the following EXCEPT

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Question 8

The multidrug resistance, or MDR, efflux pumps found in organisms such as resistant strains of Escherichia coli work most similarly to

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Question 9

How does saving the rain forest (and other endangered habitats) correlate with the fight to prevent human morbidity and mortality caused by bacterial disease? Give an example to support your argument.

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Question 10

Which of the following is a clinically important lung bacteria that kills approximately 2 million people annually and is becoming increasingly multidrug resistant?

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Question 11

Sometimes, systemic mycoses require more aggressive treatment. A drug used in this treatment is

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Question 12

The bacteria killed in Alexander Fleming's experiment during his discovery of penicillin were

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Question 13

Consider an MIC result of 10 mg of penicillin for bacterial strain A, 15 mg for stain B, 18 mg for strain C, and 27 mg of penicillin for strain D. It can be interpreted that bacterial strain ________ is more susceptible to penicillin than the others.

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Question 14

Antiviral therapy for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) usually consists of or more different inhibitors to prevent resistance.

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Question 15

What does the figure below represent?

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Question 16

Most antiviral drugs approved for clinical use target viral proteins. Which of the following is NOT a targeted viral protein?

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Question 17

Why is it that the organism that produces penicillin, Penicillin notatum, is not affected by the production of this molecule, but Staphylococcus aureus is? Of what benefit is the antibiotic in the organism that created it?

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Question 18

What is the definition of "antibiotic"? Where are antibiotics isolated from, and why are these compounds made in nature?

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Question 19

If a Staphylococcus aureas bacterium was to become resistant to a newly discovered antibiotic, what are the four basic forms of resistance this bacterium could have acquired?

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Question 20

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Exam 27: Antimicrobial Therapy

Platensimycin is a novel antibiotic that was recently discovered. An attribute it does NOT have is that it

Chemical synthesis of a new drug with a 15-member lactone ring structure would be predicted to be most similar to the antibiotic class ________ and the ________ inhibitor.

How does prescribing a "dummy compound," like clavulanic acid, begin to address an infant bacterial infection with a Klebsiella sp. that is ampicillin resistant?

A new antibiotic, platensimycin, was recently discovered from what organism?

One of the leading sources of human infection by antibiotic-resistant organisms is ________ infections.

The antiviral nucleoside inhibitor zidovudine, used in treating HIV infection, works by

An MIC test can determine all of the following EXCEPT

The multidrug resistance, or MDR, efflux pumps found in organisms such as resistant strains of Escherichia coli work most similarly to

How does saving the rain forest (and other endangered habitats) correlate with the fight to prevent human morbidity and mortality caused by bacterial disease? Give an example to support your argument.

Which of the following is a clinically important lung bacteria that kills approximately 2 million people annually and is becoming increasingly multidrug resistant?

Sometimes, systemic mycoses require more aggressive treatment. A drug used in this treatment is

The bacteria killed in Alexander Fleming's experiment during his discovery of penicillin were

Consider an MIC result of 10 mg of penicillin for bacterial strain A, 15 mg for stain B, 18 mg for strain C, and 27 mg of penicillin for strain D. It can be interpreted that bacterial strain ________ is more susceptible to penicillin than the others.

Antiviral therapy for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) usually consists of ________ or more different ________ inhibitors to prevent resistance.

What does the figure below represent?

Most antiviral drugs approved for clinical use target viral proteins. Which of the following is NOT a targeted viral protein?

Why is it that the organism that produces penicillin, Penicillin notatum, is not affected by the production of this molecule, but Staphylococcus aureus is? Of what benefit is the antibiotic in the organism that created it?

What is the definition of "antibiotic"? Where are antibiotics isolated from, and why are these compounds made in nature?

If a Staphylococcus aureas bacterium was to become resistant to a newly discovered antibiotic, what are the four basic forms of resistance this bacterium could have acquired?

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

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Chemical synthesis of a new drug with a 15-member lactone ring structure would be predicted to be most similar to the antibiotic class and the inhibitor.

Antiviral therapy for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) usually consists of or more different inhibitors to prevent resistance.