Question 1

Sulfolobus species are referred to as double ________, meaning they require high temperature and high acidity simultaneously.

Accepted Answer

A)  extremophiles 
B)  thermophiles 
C)  acidophiles 
D)  hyperthermophiles 
E)  thermoacidophiles 
A)  extremophiles 
B)  thermophiles 
C)  acidophiles 
D)  hyperthermophiles 
E)  thermoacidophiles A

Question 2

What causes the black color emitted from black smokers?

Accepted Answer

A)  ammonia dissolution 
B)  steep temperature gradients 
C)  iron sulfide precipitation 
D)  elemental sulfur precipitation 
E)  denitrification 
A)  ammonia dissolution 
B)  steep temperature gradients 
C)  iron sulfide precipitation 
D)  elemental sulfur precipitation 
E)  denitrification C

Question 3

Which is the model haloarchaeon for molecular biology education?

Accepted Answer

A)  Haloarcula 
B)  Haloquadra 
C)  Halorubrum 
D)  Halobacterium 
E)  Halococcus 
A)  Haloarcula 
B)  Haloquadra 
C)  Halorubrum 
D)  Halobacterium 
E)  Halococcus D

Question 4

In wastewater, the bacteria are packed together by filamentous ________ to form sludge.

Accepted Answer

A)  halophiles 
B)  thermophiles 
C)  methanogens 
D)  psychrophiles 
E)  acidophiles 
A)  halophiles 
B)  thermophiles 
C)  methanogens 
D)  psychrophiles 
E)  acidophiles

Question 5

If archaea are distinct from bacteria, why is the major haloarchaeal order called Halobacteriales, and why do most contain bacteriorhodopsin?

Accepted Answer

The order was named before the archaea w

Question 6

Species of ________ secrete toxins deadly to other strains of the same genus.

Accepted Answer

A)  Sulfolobus 
B)  Halobacterium 
C)  Nanoarchaeum 
D)  Methanococcus 
E)  Thermoplasma 
A)  Sulfolobus 
B)  Halobacterium 
C)  Nanoarchaeum 
D)  Methanococcus 
E)  Thermoplasma

Question 7

Why are hot springs and geysers important habitats for many crenarchaeotes?

Accepted Answer

Most crenarchaeotes are hyperthermophile

Question 8

The major environmental location of methanogens is

Accepted Answer

A)  landfills. 
B)  ruminant digestive tracts. 
C)  human digestive tracts. 
D)  anaerobic wetlands soil. 
E)  marine floor sediment. 
A)  landfills. 
B)  ruminant digestive tracts. 
C)  human digestive tracts. 
D)  anaerobic wetlands soil. 
E)  marine floor sediment.

Question 9

Bovine ________ not only make a significant contribution to global methane, but also divert carbon from meat production.

Accepted Answer

A)  halophiles 
B)  acidophiles 
C)  autotrophs 
D)  thermophiles 
E)  methanogenes 
A)  halophiles 
B)  acidophiles 
C)  autotrophs 
D)  thermophiles 
E)  methanogenes

Question 10

Some hyperthermophilic archaea contain genomes with positive supercoiling generated by ________, which protect DNA from melting at high temperatures.

Accepted Answer

A)  helicase 
B)  polymerase 
C)  primase 
D)  reductase 
E)  reverse gyrase 
A)  helicase 
B)  polymerase 
C)  primase 
D)  reductase 
E)  reverse gyrase

Question 11

Compare and contrast the supercoiling in hyperthermophilic archaeal species with bacteria and eukaryotes. What is responsible for this feature, and what does it accomplish for these archaea?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria and eukaryotes have negatively

Question 12

Methanogenesis includes a unique pathway of carbon fixation, called the carbon monoxide ________ pathway, because the key enzyme can fix CO as well as CO₂.

Accepted Answer

A)  gyrase 
B)  helicase 
C)  polymerase 
D)  reductase 
E)  dismutase 
A)  gyrase 
B)  helicase 
C)  polymerase 
D)  reductase 
E)  dismutase

Question 13

The coupling of energy-spending electron transfer via CO₂ reduction to an energy-yielding electron transfer via CoM-S-S-CoB reduction is called

Accepted Answer

A)  autotrophy. 
B)  thermophily. 
C)  methanogenesis. 
D)  electron bifurcation. 
E)  methanotrophy. 
A)  autotrophy. 
B)  thermophily. 
C)  methanogenesis. 
D)  electron bifurcation. 
E)  methanotrophy.

Question 14

Why do most hyperthermophiles tend to be anaerobic?

Accepted Answer

A)  Heated water dissolves high concentrations of sulfides and other reduced minerals. 
B)  The pH of high temperature water prohibits aerobic respiration. 
C)  All hyperthermophilic environments are deep beneath the sea. 
D)  At higher temperatures, the oxygen concentration of water declines. 
E)  Methanogenesis can only be performed anaerobically. 
A)  Heated water dissolves high concentrations of sulfides and other reduced minerals. 
B)  The pH of high temperature water prohibits aerobic respiration. 
C)  All hyperthermophilic environments are deep beneath the sea. 
D)  At higher temperatures, the oxygen concentration of water declines. 
E)  Methanogenesis can only be performed anaerobically.

Question 15

In methanogenesis from CO₂ and H₂, ________ is hydrogenated and deoxygenated in a stepwise fashion.

Accepted Answer

A)  hydrogen 
B)  methane 
C)  oxygen 
D)  carbon dioxide 
E)  carbon 
A)  hydrogen 
B)  methane 
C)  oxygen 
D)  carbon dioxide 
E)  carbon

Question 16

Explain how ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaeota gain energy and state the habitats in which they are found.

Accepted Answer

Ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaeota gain en

Question 17

Haloarchaea can regulate their buoyancy through the production of

Accepted Answer

A)  contractile vacuoles. 
B)  pigments. 
C)  salt. 
D)  gas vesicles. 
E)  carbon dioxide. 
A)  contractile vacuoles. 
B)  pigments. 
C)  salt. 
D)  gas vesicles. 
E)  carbon dioxide.

Question 18

________-branched chains increase membrane stability.

Accepted Answer

A)  Isoprenoid 
B)  Ester 
C)  Ether 
D)  Diether 
E)  Phospholipid 
A)  Isoprenoid 
B)  Ester 
C)  Ether 
D)  Diether 
E)  Phospholipid

Question 19

What are "vent polymerases," why are they better than previously used polymerases, and from where are they acquired?

Accepted Answer

Vent polymerases are DNA polymerases tha

Question 20

Bacteriorhodopsin absorbs light and pumps H⁺ ________ the cell, whereas light-activated halorhodopsin pumps chloride ________ the cell.

Accepted Answer

A)  into; out of 
B)  out of; into 
C)  into; into 
D)  out of; out of 
E)  through; across 
A)  into; out of 
B)  out of; into 
C)  into; into 
D)  out of; out of 
E)  through; across

Exam 19: Archaeal Diversity

Sulfolobus species are referred to as double ________, meaning they require high temperature and high acidity simultaneously.

What causes the black color emitted from black smokers?

Which is the model haloarchaeon for molecular biology education?

In wastewater, the bacteria are packed together by filamentous ________ to form sludge.

If archaea are distinct from bacteria, why is the major haloarchaeal order called Halobacteriales, and why do most contain bacteriorhodopsin?

Species of ________ secrete toxins deadly to other strains of the same genus.

Why are hot springs and geysers important habitats for many crenarchaeotes?

The major environmental location of methanogens is

Bovine ________ not only make a significant contribution to global methane, but also divert carbon from meat production.

Some hyperthermophilic archaea contain genomes with positive supercoiling generated by ________, which protect DNA from melting at high temperatures.

Compare and contrast the supercoiling in hyperthermophilic archaeal species with bacteria and eukaryotes. What is responsible for this feature, and what does it accomplish for these archaea?

Methanogenesis includes a unique pathway of carbon fixation, called the carbon monoxide ________ pathway, because the key enzyme can fix CO as well as CO₂.

The coupling of energy-spending electron transfer via CO₂ reduction to an energy-yielding electron transfer via CoM-S-S-CoB reduction is called

Why do most hyperthermophiles tend to be anaerobic?

In methanogenesis from CO₂ and H₂, ________ is hydrogenated and deoxygenated in a stepwise fashion.

Explain how ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaeota gain energy and state the habitats in which they are found.

Haloarchaea can regulate their buoyancy through the production of

________-branched chains increase membrane stability.

What are "vent polymerases," why are they better than previously used polymerases, and from where are they acquired?

Bacteriorhodopsin absorbs light and pumps H⁺ ________ the cell, whereas light-activated halorhodopsin pumps chloride ________ the cell.

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

Filters

Bacteriorhodopsin absorbs light and pumps H⁺ the cell, whereas light-activated halorhodopsin pumps chloride the cell.