Question 1

Would taking probiotic health supplements be good for the average person's immunity?

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary. The Special Topic 24.

Question 2

Omenn syndrome is an immune disorder associated with mutations in the recombination-activating genes (RAG1 and RAG2) needed for gene switching in lymphocytes. What effect would this mutation have on B cells, T cells, and the overall health of the adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

Gene switching occurs during the develop

Question 3

Regulation of complement destruction of normal body cells is controlled by

Accepted Answer

A)  CD8, serum factor C3b, and serum albumin. 
B)  CD58, serum factor H, and decay-accelerating factor. 
C)  CD4, serum factor Bb, and decay-accelerating factor. 
D)  MHC I, serum factor C5a, and serum lipoprotein. 
E)  MHC II, serum albumin, and T regulatory cells. 
A)  CD8, serum factor C3b, and serum albumin. 
B)  CD58, serum factor H, and decay-accelerating factor. 
C)  CD4, serum factor Bb, and decay-accelerating factor. 
D)  MHC I, serum factor C5a, and serum lipoprotein. 
E)  MHC II, serum albumin, and T regulatory cells.

Question 4

If a person is infected with the cold virus one year, why can he or she still catch a cold again the next year, even if his or her immune system is working properly?

Accepted Answer

Cross-protection of antibodies created f

Question 5

Figure B below displays a

Accepted Answer

A)  denatured antigen. 
B)  antigen-presenting cell. 
C)  mast cell. 
D)  native antigen. 
E)  conformational epitope. 
A)  denatured antigen. 
B)  antigen-presenting cell. 
C)  mast cell. 
D)  native antigen. 
E)  conformational epitope.

Question 6

Why are macrophages, monocytes, mast cells, and dendritic cells considered "professional" antigen-presenting cells, whereas fibroblasts are considered "nonprofessional" antigen-presenting cells?

Accepted Answer

Macrophages, monocytes, mast cells, and

Question 7

The gut is able to distinguish between indigenous microbiota and pathogens by using which part of epithelial cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  TLRs and NLRs 
B)  SIgA 
C)  cytokines 
D)  IL-22 
E)  ILCs 
A)  TLRs and NLRs 
B)  SIgA 
C)  cytokines 
D)  IL-22 
E)  ILCs

Question 8

Mycobacteria spp. have evolved a mechanism to evade adaptive immunity by

Accepted Answer

A)  creating autoantibodies against activated T-cell populations. 
B)  triggering T- and B-cell apoptosis. 
C)  hiding within red blood cells of the body (similar to malarial infection). 
D)  inducing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-10). 
E)  producing phagocytic chemorepellants and paralyzing neutrophils. 
A)  creating autoantibodies against activated T-cell populations. 
B)  triggering T- and B-cell apoptosis. 
C)  hiding within red blood cells of the body (similar to malarial infection). 
D)  inducing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-10). 
E)  producing phagocytic chemorepellants and paralyzing neutrophils.

Question 9

Using the figure below, interpret what is occurring at stage 3.

Accepted Answer

Epithelial cells, macrophages,

Question 10

Of the following cells, which could be considered a "professional" antigen-presenting cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  neutrophil 
B)  T lymphocyte 
C)  natural killer cell 
D)  dendritic cell 
E)  fibroblast 
A)  neutrophil 
B)  T lymphocyte 
C)  natural killer cell 
D)  dendritic cell 
E)  fibroblast

Question 11

Describe the structure of a typical IgG antibody, including the F(ab')₂ and Fc portions.

Accepted Answer

The general structure of an antibody is

Question 12

The immune response elicited from each individual antigenic determinant found within an antigen is best described as

Accepted Answer

A)  monoclonal. 
B)  multiclonal. 
C)  biclonal. 
D)  polyclonal. 
E)  triclonal. 
A)  monoclonal. 
B)  multiclonal. 
C)  biclonal. 
D)  polyclonal. 
E)  triclonal.

Question 13

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disorder affecting the skin, joints, kidneys, and other organs. A hallmark of lupus is the production of an array of autoantibodies. Some scientists believe that the autoantibody formation seen in lupus is a result of Epstein-Barr virus molecular mimicry. What do these scientists believe has happened in the case of lupus? Give one example as evidential support.

Accepted Answer

Autoimmunity is the loss of tolerance to

Question 14

Immunization with the childhood DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus) vaccine protects against subsequent exposure to tetanus by

Accepted Answer

A)  stopping isotype switching of B cells from IgM to IgA. 
B)  preloading antigen-presenting cells. 
C)  stimulating quick inflammation upon future exposure. 
D)  producing life-spanning antitetanus IgE antibodies. 
E)  generating tetanus-specific memory B cells. 
A)  stopping isotype switching of B cells from IgM to IgA. 
B)  preloading antigen-presenting cells. 
C)  stimulating quick inflammation upon future exposure. 
D)  producing life-spanning antitetanus IgE antibodies. 
E)  generating tetanus-specific memory B cells.

Question 15

Would treating a person infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who has recently developed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) using a helper T-cell transfusion work? Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary. HIV infects TH cells

Question 16

Bacteremia is a condition in which live bacteria enter the bloodstream, but not the cells of the body. Which form of processing would occur to stimulate a cell-mediated immune response?

Accepted Answer

A)  bacterial peptide transported from cytoplasm to rER for presentation on MHC I 
B)  endocytosis by APC followed by presentation on MHC II 
C)  neutrophil phagocytosis with presentation on Fc receptor 
D)  cytotoxic T-cell endocytosis for presentation on CD8 receptor 
E)  B-cell capping for presentation on the B-cell receptor 
A)  bacterial peptide transported from cytoplasm to rER for presentation on MHC I 
B)  endocytosis by APC followed by presentation on MHC II 
C)  neutrophil phagocytosis with presentation on Fc receptor 
D)  cytotoxic T-cell endocytosis for presentation on CD8 receptor 
E)  B-cell capping for presentation on the B-cell receptor

Question 17

A threshold dose of antigen is best described as the dose needed to

Accepted Answer

A)  generate an optimal immune response. 
B)  activate only a few immune cells. 
C)  generate only a T-cell response. 
D)  induce immune complement response. 
E)  induce immunological tolerance. 
A)  generate an optimal immune response. 
B)  activate only a few immune cells. 
C)  generate only a T-cell response. 
D)  induce immune complement response. 
E)  induce immunological tolerance.

Question 18

To which superfamily do antibodies belong?

Accepted Answer

A)  interleukins 
B)  heat shock 
C)  immunoglobulin 
D)  major histocompatibility complex 
E)  homeobox 
A)  interleukins 
B)  heat shock 
C)  immunoglobulin 
D)  major histocompatibility complex 
E)  homeobox

Question 19

Anti-Streptococcus antibodies found in the serum of a patient during a primary antibody response differ from the antibodies produced during a secondary response to the same antigen because of

Accepted Answer

A)  VDJ recombination. 
B)  affinity maturation. 
C)  class switching. 
D)  MHC processing. 
E)  antigen adaptation. 
A)  VDJ recombination. 
B)  affinity maturation. 
C)  class switching. 
D)  MHC processing. 
E)  antigen adaptation.

Question 20

Detail the benefits and predict possible risks of vaccinations.

Accepted Answer

Benefits of vaccines include lowering th

Exam 24: The Adaptive Immune Response

Would taking probiotic health supplements be good for the average person's immunity?

Omenn syndrome is an immune disorder associated with mutations in the recombination-activating genes (RAG1 and RAG2) needed for gene switching in lymphocytes. What effect would this mutation have on B cells, T cells, and the overall health of the adaptive immune response?

Regulation of complement destruction of normal body cells is controlled by

If a person is infected with the cold virus one year, why can he or she still catch a cold again the next year, even if his or her immune system is working properly?

Figure B below displays a

Why are macrophages, monocytes, mast cells, and dendritic cells considered "professional" antigen-presenting cells, whereas fibroblasts are considered "nonprofessional" antigen-presenting cells?

The gut is able to distinguish between indigenous microbiota and pathogens by using which part of epithelial cells?

Mycobacteria spp. have evolved a mechanism to evade adaptive immunity by

Using the figure below, interpret what is occurring at stage 3.

Of the following cells, which could be considered a "professional" antigen-presenting cell?

Describe the structure of a typical IgG antibody, including the F(ab')₂ and Fc portions.

The immune response elicited from each individual antigenic determinant found within an antigen is best described as

Immunization with the childhood DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus) vaccine protects against subsequent exposure to tetanus by

Would treating a person infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who has recently developed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) using a helper T-cell transfusion work? Why or why not?

Bacteremia is a condition in which live bacteria enter the bloodstream, but not the cells of the body. Which form of processing would occur to stimulate a cell-mediated immune response?

A threshold dose of antigen is best described as the dose needed to

To which superfamily do antibodies belong?

Anti-Streptococcus antibodies found in the serum of a patient during a primary antibody response differ from the antibodies produced during a secondary response to the same antigen because of

Detail the benefits and predict possible risks of vaccinations.

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

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