Question 1

In the nephrons of mammals, which of the following regions contains the most dilute urine?

Accepted Answer

A)  Proximal convoluted tubule 
B)  Distal convoluted tubule 
C)  Collecting duct 
D)  Bowman's capsule 
E)  Glomerulus 
A)  Proximal convoluted tubule 
B)  Distal convoluted tubule 
C)  Collecting duct 
D)  Bowman's capsule 
E)  Glomerulus

Question 2

Unlike humans, sea birds, such as herring gulls, can drink seawater because their

Accepted Answer

A)  salt gland secretions are hyperosmotic to seawater. 
B)  urine is hyperosmotic to seawater. 
C)  urine and salt gland secretions are hyperosmotic to seawater. 
D)  body fluids are hyperosmotic to seawater. 
E)  urine as excreted is a concentrated NaCl solution. 
A)  salt gland secretions are hyperosmotic to seawater. 
B)  urine is hyperosmotic to seawater. 
C)  urine and salt gland secretions are hyperosmotic to seawater. 
D)  body fluids are hyperosmotic to seawater. 
E)  urine as excreted is a concentrated NaCl solution.

Question 3

Animals that move between salt and fresh water are able to survive large fluctuations of external osmolarity because they are

Accepted Answer

A)  able to alter the water permeability of their skin, gills and guts. 
B)  able to tolerate large fluctuations in cell volume. 
C)  able to change from being osmoconformers in salt water to being osmoregulators in fresh water. 
D)  able to regulate their extracellular fluid by retaining higher concentrations of urea. 
E)  osmoregulators that are able to switch from a strategy that conserves water in the marine environment to one that sheds excess water in the freshwater environment. 
A)  able to alter the water permeability of their skin, gills and guts. 
B)  able to tolerate large fluctuations in cell volume. 
C)  able to change from being osmoconformers in salt water to being osmoregulators in fresh water. 
D)  able to regulate their extracellular fluid by retaining higher concentrations of urea. 
E)  osmoregulators that are able to switch from a strategy that conserves water in the marine environment to one that sheds excess water in the freshwater environment.

Question 4

The loops of Henle

Accepted Answer

A)  osmoconcentrate urine. 
B)  pass fluid that is more concentrated than body fluids. 
C)  actively transport Cl- into the tubule. 
D)  establish an osmotic concentration gradient in the renal medulla. 
E)  are impermeable to water and solutes. 
A)  osmoconcentrate urine. 
B)  pass fluid that is more concentrated than body fluids. 
C)  actively transport Cl- into the tubule. 
D)  establish an osmotic concentration gradient in the renal medulla. 
E)  are impermeable to water and solutes.

Question 5

Which of the following statements regarding osmosis is INCORRECT?

Accepted Answer

A)  Osmosis is the passive diffusion of water from low to high osmotic concentrations. 
B)  The osmotic concentration difference between intra and extracellular fluid of cells is kept constant. 
C)  Fluids with the same osmotic concentrations have the same concentrations of Na+ and Cl-ions. 
D)  Hydrostatic pressure on plant cell membranes is greater than for animal cell membranes. 
E)  If the concentration of all ions in two fluids are equal, then they have the same osmotic concentration. 
A)  Osmosis is the passive diffusion of water from low to high osmotic concentrations. 
B)  The osmotic concentration difference between intra and extracellular fluid of cells is kept constant. 
C)  Fluids with the same osmotic concentrations have the same concentrations of Na+ and Cl-ions. 
D)  Hydrostatic pressure on plant cell membranes is greater than for animal cell membranes. 
E)  If the concentration of all ions in two fluids are equal, then they have the same osmotic concentration.

Question 6

A student carried out an experiment in which he measured the drinking rate of hopping mice. The experimental animals were of similar size and weight, and housed in individual enclosures provided with the same amounts of food and water. At the end of the experiment, the student found that the hopping mice could be divided into two groups according to whether they had high or low drinking rates. It would be reasonable to predict that, during this experiment, hopping mice with higher drinking rates also

Accepted Answer

A)  produced drier faeces. 
B)  had experienced more humid conditions. 
C)  were less active. 
D)  were provided with a drier food source. 
E)  were more active. 
A)  produced drier faeces. 
B)  had experienced more humid conditions. 
C)  were less active. 
D)  were provided with a drier food source. 
E)  were more active.

Question 7

Reabsorption

Accepted Answer

A)  allows the recovery of Na+ and Cl+ ions. 
B)  controls the solute composition of body fluids. 
C)  occurs mainly in the proximal convoluted tubule. 
D)  allows the recovery of Na+ and Cl+ ions and controls the solute composition of body fluids. 
E)  allows the recovery of Na+ and Cl+ ions, controls the solute composition of body fluids and occurs mainly in the proximal convoluted tubule. 
A)  allows the recovery of Na+ and Cl+ ions. 
B)  controls the solute composition of body fluids. 
C)  occurs mainly in the proximal convoluted tubule. 
D)  allows the recovery of Na+ and Cl+ ions and controls the solute composition of body fluids. 
E)  allows the recovery of Na+ and Cl+ ions, controls the solute composition of body fluids and occurs mainly in the proximal convoluted tubule.

Question 8

Terrestrial animals

Accepted Answer

A)  allow their ionic composition to fluctuate. 
B)  get rid of excess water by osmosis. 
C)  are all osmoconformers. 
D)  are all ionoregulators. 
E)  do not secrete ions. 
A)  allow their ionic composition to fluctuate. 
B)  get rid of excess water by osmosis. 
C)  are all osmoconformers. 
D)  are all ionoregulators. 
E)  do not secrete ions.

Question 9

Glomerular filtration rate

Accepted Answer

A)  is mainly influenced by an animal's need to conserve water. 
B)  is mainly influenced by the hydrostatic pressure of blood in the glomerulus. 
C)  depends largely on the colloid osmotic pressure of the fluid in Bowman's capsule. 
D)  is determined by the total area of the filtration slits in the wall of Bowman's capsule. 
E)  is dependent on the ion concentration in the collecting duct. 
A)  is mainly influenced by an animal's need to conserve water. 
B)  is mainly influenced by the hydrostatic pressure of blood in the glomerulus. 
C)  depends largely on the colloid osmotic pressure of the fluid in Bowman's capsule. 
D)  is determined by the total area of the filtration slits in the wall of Bowman's capsule. 
E)  is dependent on the ion concentration in the collecting duct.

Question 10

Antidiueretic hormone

Accepted Answer

A)  is inversely proportional to the extent of dehydration. 
B)  increase in the circulation causes the kidney to lose water. 
C)  is synthesised in the posterior pituitary. 
D)  production is stimulated by decreased blood osmotic concentration. 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  is inversely proportional to the extent of dehydration. 
B)  increase in the circulation causes the kidney to lose water. 
C)  is synthesised in the posterior pituitary. 
D)  production is stimulated by decreased blood osmotic concentration. 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 11

What is a method used by animals to control the movement of water into and out of their cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  All the options listed here are correct 
B)  Diffusion 
C)  Epithelia 
D)  Aquaporins 
E)  Water channels 
A)  All the options listed here are correct 
B)  Diffusion 
C)  Epithelia 
D)  Aquaporins 
E)  Water channels

Question 12

In the excretory system of the earthworm

Accepted Answer

A)  flame cells collect and concentrate urine. 
B)  ciliated funnels transport coelomic fluid into excretory tubules. 
C)  urine is modified by reabsorption and then emptied into the hindgut. 
D)  urine is formed by filtration of fluid from blood vessels. 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  flame cells collect and concentrate urine. 
B)  ciliated funnels transport coelomic fluid into excretory tubules. 
C)  urine is modified by reabsorption and then emptied into the hindgut. 
D)  urine is formed by filtration of fluid from blood vessels. 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 13

A marine organism is found to have very high levels of urea that would normally cause deleterious effects in most other organisms, however it has no apparent signs of ill health. It is also found to have extracellular Na+ and Cl- levels lower than that of its environment. Given this evidence, what is this animal's method of maintaining osmotic equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

A)  Osmoregulate 
B)  Ionoregulate 
C)  Ureoosmoconform 
D)  Homeoregualator 
E)  All the options listed are incorrect 
A)  Osmoregulate 
B)  Ionoregulate 
C)  Ureoosmoconform 
D)  Homeoregualator 
E)  All the options listed are incorrect

Question 14

In the green glands of freshwater crustaceans, a coelomic end sac forms urine by filtration of fluid (haemolymph) from the circulatory system. The filtrate passes through a ciliated funnel and down a coiled tubule, the nephridial canal, where solutes are reabsorbed so that the urine voided to the exterior is more dilute than the body fluids. In structure and function, the green glands of freshwater crustaceans are most like the

Accepted Answer

A)  protonephridia of rotifers. 
B)  coxal glands of spiders. 
C)  metanephridia of earthworms. 
D)  nephrons of freshwater fishes. 
E)  the rectal pads of blow flies. 
A)  protonephridia of rotifers. 
B)  coxal glands of spiders. 
C)  metanephridia of earthworms. 
D)  nephrons of freshwater fishes. 
E)  the rectal pads of blow flies.

Question 15

In the mammalian kidney, urine in the distal convoluted tubule

Accepted Answer

A)  has already passed through the proximal convoluted tubule but not the loop of Henle. 
B)  is more concentrated than urine in the proximal convoluted tubule. 
C)  gains K+ by secretion. 
D)  gains water by osmosis. 
E)  actively reabsorbs water to concentrate urine. 
A)  has already passed through the proximal convoluted tubule but not the loop of Henle. 
B)  is more concentrated than urine in the proximal convoluted tubule. 
C)  gains K+ by secretion. 
D)  gains water by osmosis. 
E)  actively reabsorbs water to concentrate urine.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT essential for biological processes in the intracellular environment?

Accepted Answer

A)  PO43- 
B)  CN- 
C)  SO42- 
D)  Cl-, Mg2+ 
E)  Na+, K+ 
A)  PO43- 
B)  CN- 
C)  SO42- 
D)  Cl-, Mg2+ 
E)  Na+, K+

Question 17

The epithelial excretory pumps of freshwater fishes actively

Accepted Answer

A)  absorb water. 
B)  excrete water. 
C)  export Cl- ions. 
D)  absorb Cl- ions. 
E)  absorb Na+ ions. 
A)  absorb water. 
B)  excrete water. 
C)  export Cl- ions. 
D)  absorb Cl- ions. 
E)  absorb Na+ ions.

Question 18

In aquatic animals

Accepted Answer

A)  water is gained through drinking and solutes are lost by active transport across the body surface. 
B)  water is gained or lost by osmosis and solutes gained or lost by passive diffusion across the body surface. 
C)  water is gained only by osmosis and lost via gills. 
D)  solutes are gained or lost the same way as terrestrial animals. 
E)  water is gained through drinking and lost by osmosis through the stomach. 
A)  water is gained through drinking and solutes are lost by active transport across the body surface. 
B)  water is gained or lost by osmosis and solutes gained or lost by passive diffusion across the body surface. 
C)  water is gained only by osmosis and lost via gills. 
D)  solutes are gained or lost the same way as terrestrial animals. 
E)  water is gained through drinking and lost by osmosis through the stomach.

Question 19

The release of ADH

Accepted Answer

A)  increases urine volume. 
B)  is stimulated by high blood osmotic concentration. 
C)  is stimulated by high blood pressure. 
D)  is the only control of kidney function. 
E)  decreases the permeability of the collecting duct wall to water. 
A)  increases urine volume. 
B)  is stimulated by high blood osmotic concentration. 
C)  is stimulated by high blood pressure. 
D)  is the only control of kidney function. 
E)  decreases the permeability of the collecting duct wall to water.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a method of nitrogenous waste excretion in animals?

Accepted Answer

A)  excretion of urea as a gas. 
B)  excretion of guanine in urine and/or faeces. 
C)  excretion of ammonia as a gas. 
D)  excretion of uric acid in urine and/or faeces. 
E)  excretion of aminopropionitrile in urine/faeces and/or as a gas. 
A)  excretion of urea as a gas. 
B)  excretion of guanine in urine and/or faeces. 
C)  excretion of ammonia as a gas. 
D)  excretion of uric acid in urine and/or faeces. 
E)  excretion of aminopropionitrile in urine/faeces and/or as a gas.

Exam 22: Homeostasis: Water, Solutes and Excretion

In the nephrons of mammals, which of the following regions contains the most dilute urine?

Unlike humans, sea birds, such as herring gulls, can drink seawater because their

Animals that move between salt and fresh water are able to survive large fluctuations of external osmolarity because they are

The loops of Henle

Which of the following statements regarding osmosis is INCORRECT?

Reabsorption

Terrestrial animals

Glomerular filtration rate

Antidiueretic hormone

What is a method used by animals to control the movement of water into and out of their cells?

In the excretory system of the earthworm

In the mammalian kidney, urine in the distal convoluted tubule

Which of the following is NOT essential for biological processes in the intracellular environment?

The epithelial excretory pumps of freshwater fishes actively

In aquatic animals

The release of ADH

Which of the following is NOT a method of nitrogenous waste excretion in animals?

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