Question 1

In humans, approximately how much of the blood volume lies in the veins, and how do veins raise blood back to the heart?

Accepted Answer

A)  65% of blood is located in veins, which raise blood to the heart by blood pressure alone. 
B)  50% of blood is located in veins, which raise blood to the heart via a diffusible gradient. 
C)  75% of blood is located in veins, which raise blood to the heart by compression of muscles located in the vein walls. 
D)  40% of blood is located in veins, which raise blood to the heart by gravity. 
E)  75% of blood is located in veins, which raise blood to the heart by pressure and external compression resulting from contraction of adjacent muscles. 
A)  65% of blood is located in veins, which raise blood to the heart by blood pressure alone. 
B)  50% of blood is located in veins, which raise blood to the heart via a diffusible gradient. 
C)  75% of blood is located in veins, which raise blood to the heart by compression of muscles located in the vein walls. 
D)  40% of blood is located in veins, which raise blood to the heart by gravity. 
E)  75% of blood is located in veins, which raise blood to the heart by pressure and external compression resulting from contraction of adjacent muscles. E

Question 2

If someone with haemoglobin-rich blood, living at high altitude descends to sea level

Accepted Answer

A)  erythropoietin production increases. 
B)  haemoglobin content of the erythrocytes increases. 
C)  erythrocyte production decreases. 
D)  adrenalin synthesis by the sympathetic nerves is increased. 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  erythropoietin production increases. 
B)  haemoglobin content of the erythrocytes increases. 
C)  erythrocyte production decreases. 
D)  adrenalin synthesis by the sympathetic nerves is increased. 
E)  All of the answers are correct. C

Question 3

Which groups of vertebrates have a completely divided double-circuit circulatory system?

Accepted Answer

A)  All vertebrates 
B)  All vertebrates except fish 
C)  Only birds and mammals 
D)  Fish 
E)  Amphibians and most reptiles 
A)  All vertebrates 
B)  All vertebrates except fish 
C)  Only birds and mammals 
D)  Fish 
E)  Amphibians and most reptiles C

Question 4

Exercise requires homeostatic adjustment in blood flow including

Accepted Answer

A)  increased cardiac output in response to activation of baroreceptors in the vena cava. 
B)  increased blood pressure in the aortic sinus. 
C)  increased blood flow to skeletal muscles. 
D)  increase in the rate of heartbeat. 
E)  All the answers are correct. 
A)  increased cardiac output in response to activation of baroreceptors in the vena cava. 
B)  increased blood pressure in the aortic sinus. 
C)  increased blood flow to skeletal muscles. 
D)  increase in the rate of heartbeat. 
E)  All the answers are correct.

Question 5

A recording of the electrical activity of a patient's heart shows that the atria are contracting regularly and normally, but every few beats the ventricles fail to contract. Which of the following is probably not functioning properly?

Accepted Answer

A)  Valves between the atria and the ventricles. 
B)  Sinoatrial node. 
C)  Atrioventricular node. 
D)  Pacemaker. 
E)  Tricuspid valve. 
A)  Valves between the atria and the ventricles. 
B)  Sinoatrial node. 
C)  Atrioventricular node. 
D)  Pacemaker. 
E)  Tricuspid valve.

Question 6

You are presented with a heart from an unknown organism. Upon studying the heart, you note that it has a small node of tissue in the right atrium and that it has a single aorta leading directly from the left ventricle. Based on these observations, from what kind of organism must this heart have come from?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reptile 
B)  Amphibian 
C)  Bony fish 
D)  Bird or mammal 
E)  Cartilaginous fish 
A)  Reptile 
B)  Amphibian 
C)  Bony fish 
D)  Bird or mammal 
E)  Cartilaginous fish

Question 7

The human heart consists of how many separate chambers?

Accepted Answer

A)  4 
B)  3 
C)  2 
D)  1 
E)  5 
A)  4 
B)  3 
C)  2 
D)  1 
E)  5

Question 8

Regulation of arterial blood pressure in vertebrates involves

Accepted Answer

A)  stretch receptors. 
B)  neural pathways. 
C)  hormones. 
D)  chemoreceptors. 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  stretch receptors. 
B)  neural pathways. 
C)  hormones. 
D)  chemoreceptors. 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 9

The veins of vertebrates

Accepted Answer

A)  carry blood towards the heart. 
B)  carry oxygenated blood. 
C)  contain blood at high pressure. 
D)  have thick elastic walls. 
E)  are muscular to create pumping action. 
A)  carry blood towards the heart. 
B)  carry oxygenated blood. 
C)  contain blood at high pressure. 
D)  have thick elastic walls. 
E)  are muscular to create pumping action.

Question 10

In the mammalian heartbeat

Accepted Answer

A)  contractions are initiated in the wall of the left atrium. 
B)  ventricles and atria contract at the same time. 
C)  the left ventricle and the left atrium contract at the same time. 
D)  the cycle is initiated in the sinus venosus. 
E)  the two ventricles contract at the same time. 
A)  contractions are initiated in the wall of the left atrium. 
B)  ventricles and atria contract at the same time. 
C)  the left ventricle and the left atrium contract at the same time. 
D)  the cycle is initiated in the sinus venosus. 
E)  the two ventricles contract at the same time.

Question 11

In primitive vertebrates the sixth aortic arch carried blood from the ventral aorta through the gills to the dorsal aorta. In reptiles, birds and mammals, the derivative of this vessel carries

Accepted Answer

A)  oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. 
B)  deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. 
C)  deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. 
D)  oxygenated blood from the heart to the body. 
E)  oxygenated blood from the heart to the coronary artery. 
A)  oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. 
B)  deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. 
C)  deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. 
D)  oxygenated blood from the heart to the body. 
E)  oxygenated blood from the heart to the coronary artery.

Question 12

A patient presents with a pulmonary semilunar valve that is failing to close properly. This would result in

Accepted Answer

A)  acute chordae tendinae. 
B)  tricuspid fibrillation. 
C)  raised diastolic pressure and increased pressure in the pulmonary system. 
D)  reduction in ventricular angina. 
E)  Purkinje fibronosis combined with reduced pressure in the pulmonary system. 
A)  acute chordae tendinae. 
B)  tricuspid fibrillation. 
C)  raised diastolic pressure and increased pressure in the pulmonary system. 
D)  reduction in ventricular angina. 
E)  Purkinje fibronosis combined with reduced pressure in the pulmonary system.

Question 13

Which of the following would you expect to find in both lymph and blood?

Accepted Answer

A)  Erythrocytes 
B)  Leucocytes 
C)  Platelets 
D)  Haemoglobin 
E)  All of the answers are correct 
A)  Erythrocytes 
B)  Leucocytes 
C)  Platelets 
D)  Haemoglobin 
E)  All of the answers are correct

Question 14

In an animal with an open circulatory system

Accepted Answer

A)  the circulating fluid is not pumped. 
B)  there are no pressure differences within the system. 
C)  circulating fluid mixes freely with interstitial fluid. 
D)  circulating fluid does not travel through vessels. 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  the circulating fluid is not pumped. 
B)  there are no pressure differences within the system. 
C)  circulating fluid mixes freely with interstitial fluid. 
D)  circulating fluid does not travel through vessels. 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 15

If a living, beating heart of an invertebrate is removed, would it continue to beat? Why/why not?

Accepted Answer

A)  No, as it only contracts in response to stimulation from a nerve 
B)  No, as it is myogenic 
C)  Yes, as it only contracts in response to an impulse within the heart itself 
D)  Yes, as it is neurogenic 
E)  No, as it is mitrogenic 
A)  No, as it only contracts in response to stimulation from a nerve 
B)  No, as it is myogenic 
C)  Yes, as it only contracts in response to an impulse within the heart itself 
D)  Yes, as it is neurogenic 
E)  No, as it is mitrogenic

Question 16

In vertebrates, cardiac output and regional blood flow are regulated by

Accepted Answer

A)  parasympathetic nerves. 
B)  sympathetic nerves. 
C)  histamines. 
D)  adrenaline. 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  parasympathetic nerves. 
B)  sympathetic nerves. 
C)  histamines. 
D)  adrenaline. 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 17

Refer to the following diagram showing the relative composition of the walls (endothelium, elastin fibres, smooth muscle, collagen fibres) of four different types of vessels in the vertebrate circulatory system.
  Diagram 3 is most likely

Accepted Answer

A)  an artery. 
B)  an arteriole. 
C)  a vein. 
D)  the ventricle. 
E)  a capillary. 
A)  an artery. 
B)  an arteriole. 
C)  a vein. 
D)  the ventricle. 
E)  a capillary.

Question 18

Coronary arteries

Accepted Answer

A)  in fish, arise as outgrowth from the gills. 
B)  are thin walled in vertebrates. 
C)  are separated by a septum which prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. 
D)  supply nutrients and oxygen to the heart. 
E)  are large in amphibians. 
A)  in fish, arise as outgrowth from the gills. 
B)  are thin walled in vertebrates. 
C)  are separated by a septum which prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. 
D)  supply nutrients and oxygen to the heart. 
E)  are large in amphibians.

Question 19

Which blood vessels carry the largest volume of blood?

Accepted Answer

A)  Veins. 
B)  Capillaries. 
C)  Major arteries. 
D)  Arterioles. 
E)  Left ventricle. 
A)  Veins. 
B)  Capillaries. 
C)  Major arteries. 
D)  Arterioles. 
E)  Left ventricle.

Question 20

In the conus arteriosus of the frog, mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood is minimised by

Accepted Answer

A)  a septum. 
B)  a spiral fold. 
C)  a spongy wall. 
D)  the atrium. 
E)  None of the answers are correct. 
A)  a septum. 
B)  a spiral fold. 
C)  a spongy wall. 
D)  the atrium. 
E)  None of the answers are correct.

Exam 24: Circulation

In humans, approximately how much of the blood volume lies in the veins, and how do veins raise blood back to the heart?

If someone with haemoglobin-rich blood, living at high altitude descends to sea level

Which groups of vertebrates have a completely divided double-circuit circulatory system?

Exercise requires homeostatic adjustment in blood flow including

A recording of the electrical activity of a patient's heart shows that the atria are contracting regularly and normally, but every few beats the ventricles fail to contract. Which of the following is probably not functioning properly?

The human heart consists of how many separate chambers?

Regulation of arterial blood pressure in vertebrates involves

The veins of vertebrates

In the mammalian heartbeat

In primitive vertebrates the sixth aortic arch carried blood from the ventral aorta through the gills to the dorsal aorta. In reptiles, birds and mammals, the derivative of this vessel carries

A patient presents with a pulmonary semilunar valve that is failing to close properly. This would result in

Which of the following would you expect to find in both lymph and blood?

In an animal with an open circulatory system

If a living, beating heart of an invertebrate is removed, would it continue to beat? Why/why not?

In vertebrates, cardiac output and regional blood flow are regulated by

Refer to the following diagram showing the relative composition of the walls (endothelium, elastin fibres, smooth muscle, collagen fibres) of four different types of vessels in the vertebrate circulatory system. Diagram 3 is most likely

Coronary arteries

Which blood vessels carry the largest volume of blood?

In the conus arteriosus of the frog, mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood is minimised by

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