Question 1

In plant biotechnology, transformation is the

Accepted Answer

A)  insertion of the complete genome of an organism into a host cell. 
B)  removal of part of a host cell's genome. 
C)  process of altering the genetic makeup of a cell. 
D)  the use of a plasmid to transfer a gene into a plant cell. 
E)  insertion of a desirable gene into a bacterial plasmid vector. 
A)  insertion of the complete genome of an organism into a host cell. 
B)  removal of part of a host cell's genome. 
C)  process of altering the genetic makeup of a cell. 
D)  the use of a plasmid to transfer a gene into a plant cell. 
E)  insertion of a desirable gene into a bacterial plasmid vector. C

Question 2

Leading up to successful fertilisation, the growth of the pollen tube is controlled by

Accepted Answer

A)  the nucleus of the vegetative cell. 
B)  signal molecules from the style. 
C)  the carbohydrate reserved of the vegetative cell. 
D)  the nucleus of the generative cell. 
E)  conditions on the stigma. 
A)  the nucleus of the vegetative cell. 
B)  signal molecules from the style. 
C)  the carbohydrate reserved of the vegetative cell. 
D)  the nucleus of the generative cell. 
E)  conditions on the stigma. A

Question 3

Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction that

Accepted Answer

A)  has only been observed in flowers in which sexual reproduction is not occurring. 
B)  occurs when an unfertilised egg divides to form a diploid embryo sac. 
C)  occurs when cells in the ovule divide mitotically to produce a diploid embryo. 
D)  is a means to increase genetic variation in plants. 
E)  provides a mechanism for dormancy in unfavourable conditions. 
A)  has only been observed in flowers in which sexual reproduction is not occurring. 
B)  occurs when an unfertilised egg divides to form a diploid embryo sac. 
C)  occurs when cells in the ovule divide mitotically to produce a diploid embryo. 
D)  is a means to increase genetic variation in plants. 
E)  provides a mechanism for dormancy in unfavourable conditions. C

Question 4

In the development of new and better varieties of plants, one of the advantages of genetic engineering over traditional methods of selective breeding is that

Accepted Answer

A)  genetically engineered characteristics are less likely to spread from crop species to related wild species. 
B)  transformation of a plant cell requires plant DNA which is readily available. 
C)  there appear to be few restrictions on the source of genes for transforming host cells. 
D)  the development of transgenic plants occurs in the controlled environment of a laboratory without the need for field trials. 
E)  the inserted exotic DNA will not be exposed to position effects within the genome of the host cell. 
A)  genetically engineered characteristics are less likely to spread from crop species to related wild species. 
B)  transformation of a plant cell requires plant DNA which is readily available. 
C)  there appear to be few restrictions on the source of genes for transforming host cells. 
D)  the development of transgenic plants occurs in the controlled environment of a laboratory without the need for field trials. 
E)  the inserted exotic DNA will not be exposed to position effects within the genome of the host cell.

Question 5

Apical meristems

Accepted Answer

A)  give rise to primary and secondary plant tissues at the tips of roots and shoots. 
B)  are clusters of actively dividing cells at the ends of roots and shoots. 
C)  are involved in the development of leaf primordia and lateral roots. 
D)  are domes of cells that cover and protect zones of rapidly dividing cells at the tips of roots and shoots. 
E)  are formed early in the development of the embryo from the hypocotyl. 
A)  give rise to primary and secondary plant tissues at the tips of roots and shoots. 
B)  are clusters of actively dividing cells at the ends of roots and shoots. 
C)  are involved in the development of leaf primordia and lateral roots. 
D)  are domes of cells that cover and protect zones of rapidly dividing cells at the tips of roots and shoots. 
E)  are formed early in the development of the embryo from the hypocotyl.

Question 6

In the embryo sac of flowering plants, the egg

Accepted Answer

A)  is at the micropylar end of the embryo sac flanked by two synergid cells. 
B)  sits in the middle of the embryo sac within the central cells. 
C)  has no fixed position relative to the other cells within the embryo sac. 
D)  is separated from the other cells, at the non-micropylar end of the embryo sac. 
A)  is at the micropylar end of the embryo sac flanked by two synergid cells. 
B)  sits in the middle of the embryo sac within the central cells. 
C)  has no fixed position relative to the other cells within the embryo sac. 
D)  is separated from the other cells, at the non-micropylar end of the embryo sac.

Question 7

In normal flowers of Arabidopsis, the gene responsible for the formation of sepals is expressed in

Accepted Answer

A)  inner whorl (4). 
B)  the two outer whorls (1 and 2). 
C)  the two inner whorls (3 and 4). 
D)  whorls 2, 3 and 4. 
E)  outer whorl (1). 
A)  inner whorl (4). 
B)  the two outer whorls (1 and 2). 
C)  the two inner whorls (3 and 4). 
D)  whorls 2, 3 and 4. 
E)  outer whorl (1).

Question 8

In flowering plants that are self-incompatible, a genetically controlled self-incompatible mechanism

Accepted Answer

A)  determines pollen carrying the same S allele as the pistil it lands on as incompatible. 
B)  determines pollen carrying a different S allele from the pistil it lands on as incompatible. 
C)  stops eggs from being fertilised by the same species pollen from a genetically different plant. 
D)  prevents the formation of hybrid offspring from closely related species of plants. 
E)  ensures that eggs undergo apomixis after fertilisation. 
A)  determines pollen carrying the same S allele as the pistil it lands on as incompatible. 
B)  determines pollen carrying a different S allele from the pistil it lands on as incompatible. 
C)  stops eggs from being fertilised by the same species pollen from a genetically different plant. 
D)  prevents the formation of hybrid offspring from closely related species of plants. 
E)  ensures that eggs undergo apomixis after fertilisation.

Question 9

Flowering plants have developed a range of strategies to enable them to select an appropriate partner. This selection usually takes place on the

Accepted Answer

A)  stigma. 
B)  micropyle. 
C)  anther. 
D)  pollen tube. 
E)  carpel. 
A)  stigma. 
B)  micropyle. 
C)  anther. 
D)  pollen tube. 
E)  carpel.

Question 10

Which of the following is a major disadvantage of plant self-fertilisation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reduced floral whorls 
B)  Large numbers of wasted gametes 
C)  Lack of control over pollen landing and germinating on the stigma 
D)  Reduced or absent vegetative cell 
E)  Loss of genetic diversity 
A)  Reduced floral whorls 
B)  Large numbers of wasted gametes 
C)  Lack of control over pollen landing and germinating on the stigma 
D)  Reduced or absent vegetative cell 
E)  Loss of genetic diversity

Question 11

Cleistogamy

Accepted Answer

A)  is the layer of cells around the seed to protect it. 
B)  is the self-incompatibility found in many flowering plants. 
C)  is the process of asexual reproduction in flowering plants. 
D)  describes flowers that ensure self-pollination. 
E)  the coat that protects the immature shoot meristems. 
A)  is the layer of cells around the seed to protect it. 
B)  is the self-incompatibility found in many flowering plants. 
C)  is the process of asexual reproduction in flowering plants. 
D)  describes flowers that ensure self-pollination. 
E)  the coat that protects the immature shoot meristems.

Question 12

People sensitive to grass pollen may experience the symptoms of asthma in response to allergens on

Accepted Answer

A)  pollen grains blown into the nasal passages. 
B)  pollen grains inhaled into the bronchi. 
C)  starch granules from burst pollen grains, inhaled into the bronchi. 
D)  pollen grains entering the respiratory system. 
E)  starch granules from burst pollen grains, blown into the nasal passages. 
A)  pollen grains blown into the nasal passages. 
B)  pollen grains inhaled into the bronchi. 
C)  starch granules from burst pollen grains, inhaled into the bronchi. 
D)  pollen grains entering the respiratory system. 
E)  starch granules from burst pollen grains, blown into the nasal passages.

Question 13

A trait of plants that is of significant importance in plant biotechnology is the ability to regenerate a whole plant from a single plant cell. When growing undifferentiated tissue in the lab, how can such cells be maintained indefinitely?

Accepted Answer

A)  All the options listed here are correct 
B)  Subculturing 
C)  By growing tissue on a synthetic growth medium that provides nutrients, carbohydrates and water 
D)  By growing tissue in an aseptic environment 
E)  By transferring tissue produced by wounding to a growth medium 
A)  All the options listed here are correct 
B)  Subculturing 
C)  By growing tissue on a synthetic growth medium that provides nutrients, carbohydrates and water 
D)  By growing tissue in an aseptic environment 
E)  By transferring tissue produced by wounding to a growth medium

Question 14

Which of the following statements about flowering plants is INCORRECT?

Accepted Answer

A)  The flower is the site of reproduction. 
B)  In a plant life-cycle there is an alternation between a multicellular haploid stage and a multicellular diploid stage. 
C)  Unlike animals, in plants the gametes are not a direct result of meiotic division. 
D)  The diploid stage of a plant produce two different haploid spores, microspores and megaspores. 
E)  The principal organs of a flower are arranged in four concentric whorls. 
A)  The flower is the site of reproduction. 
B)  In a plant life-cycle there is an alternation between a multicellular haploid stage and a multicellular diploid stage. 
C)  Unlike animals, in plants the gametes are not a direct result of meiotic division. 
D)  The diploid stage of a plant produce two different haploid spores, microspores and megaspores. 
E)  The principal organs of a flower are arranged in four concentric whorls.

Question 15

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants

Accepted Answer

A)  occurs without fertilisation. 
B)  involves only one parent. 
C)  generates genetic variation within populations. 
D)  produces offspring genetically identical to the parents. 
A)  occurs without fertilisation. 
B)  involves only one parent. 
C)  generates genetic variation within populations. 
D)  produces offspring genetically identical to the parents.

Question 16

What is the primary feature of pollen grains that can make them important micro-fossils in studying ecosystems?

Accepted Answer

A)  Association with pollen transport vectors, giving strong indications of relationships between organisms 
B)  Small size 
C)  Structural compounds rich in oligosaccharides 
D)  Quantity 
E)  High resistance to degradation 
A)  Association with pollen transport vectors, giving strong indications of relationships between organisms 
B)  Small size 
C)  Structural compounds rich in oligosaccharides 
D)  Quantity 
E)  High resistance to degradation

Question 17

After double fertilisation in flowering plants the

Accepted Answer

A)  shoot meristem gives rise to the epicotyl. 
B)  the suspensor undergoes repeated cell division which develops into the apical meristem. 
C)  endosperm gives rise to the cotyledons. 
D)  integuments of the ovule form a protective fruit around the embryo. 
E)  testa (seed coat) is derived from the ovary wall. 
A)  shoot meristem gives rise to the epicotyl. 
B)  the suspensor undergoes repeated cell division which develops into the apical meristem. 
C)  endosperm gives rise to the cotyledons. 
D)  integuments of the ovule form a protective fruit around the embryo. 
E)  testa (seed coat) is derived from the ovary wall.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a means by which plants can reproduce asexually?

Accepted Answer

A)  Via long stems that grow horizontally across the soil surface and produce new stems and roots at regular intervals 
B)  By the production of clones, due to the absence of any plants of the opposite gender 
C)  Using underground storage organs 
D)  Broken branchlets that disperse, then take root and germinate 
E)  Via callose plugs that bud or sucker 
A)  Via long stems that grow horizontally across the soil surface and produce new stems and roots at regular intervals 
B)  By the production of clones, due to the absence of any plants of the opposite gender 
C)  Using underground storage organs 
D)  Broken branchlets that disperse, then take root and germinate 
E)  Via callose plugs that bud or sucker

Question 19

Flowers of a particular plant species were found to contain both stamens and a pistil. It was also noted that when the pistil was receptive, the anthers were spent. The flowers of this species are

Accepted Answer

A)  bisexual and protogynous. 
B)  bisexual and protandrous. 
C)  dioecious and protogynous. 
D)  dioecious and protandrous. 
E)  monoecious and protandrous. 
A)  bisexual and protogynous. 
B)  bisexual and protandrous. 
C)  dioecious and protogynous. 
D)  dioecious and protandrous. 
E)  monoecious and protandrous.

Question 20

Two plant scientists are arguing over the generation of endosperm. Both agree that a germinating pollen grain consists of a pollen tube cell and two sperm cells, and that endosperm is triploid. However, scientist one thinks one of the sperm cells and the tube nuclei fuse with a central cell that contains one nucleus, whereas scientist two thinks only one of the sperm cells fuses with a central cell that contains two nuclei. Which scientist is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  Both are correct; central cells can contain either one or two nuclei depending on the plant family 
B)  Both are incorrect; endosperm is diploid 
C)  Scientist one 
D)  Scientist two 
E)  Both are incorrect; endosperm is haploid 
A)  Both are correct; central cells can contain either one or two nuclei depending on the plant family 
B)  Both are incorrect; endosperm is diploid 
C)  Scientist one 
D)  Scientist two 
E)  Both are incorrect; endosperm is haploid

Exam 16: Reproduction, Growth and Development of Flowering Plants

In plant biotechnology, transformation is the

Leading up to successful fertilisation, the growth of the pollen tube is controlled by

Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction that

In the development of new and better varieties of plants, one of the advantages of genetic engineering over traditional methods of selective breeding is that

Apical meristems

In the embryo sac of flowering plants, the egg

In normal flowers of Arabidopsis, the gene responsible for the formation of sepals is expressed in

In flowering plants that are self-incompatible, a genetically controlled self-incompatible mechanism

Flowering plants have developed a range of strategies to enable them to select an appropriate partner. This selection usually takes place on the

Which of the following is a major disadvantage of plant self-fertilisation?

Cleistogamy

People sensitive to grass pollen may experience the symptoms of asthma in response to allergens on

A trait of plants that is of significant importance in plant biotechnology is the ability to regenerate a whole plant from a single plant cell. When growing undifferentiated tissue in the lab, how can such cells be maintained indefinitely?

Which of the following statements about flowering plants is INCORRECT?

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants

What is the primary feature of pollen grains that can make them important micro-fossils in studying ecosystems?

After double fertilisation in flowering plants the

Which of the following is NOT a means by which plants can reproduce asexually?

Flowers of a particular plant species were found to contain both stamens and a pistil. It was also noted that when the pistil was receptive, the anthers were spent. The flowers of this species are

Nature of Molecules

Biomolecules

The Chemistry of Life

Functioning Cells

Movement Across Membranes

Harvesting Energy

Cells, Tissues and Signals

Cell Division

Inheritance

Genes, Chromosomes and Dna

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Gene Expression

Genomes, Mutation and Cancer

Viruses

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Structure of Plants

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Plant Hormones and Growth Responses

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Homeostasis: Water, Solutes and Excretion

Gas Exchange in Animals

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Innate Defences and the Immune System

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Animal Movement

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Mechanisms of Evolution

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The Protists

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