Question 1

Xylem and phloem are referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  dermal tissue. 
B)  primary tissue. 
C)  ground tissue. 
D)  stem tissue. 
E)  vascular tissue. 
A)  dermal tissue. 
B)  primary tissue. 
C)  ground tissue. 
D)  stem tissue. 
E)  vascular tissue. E

Question 2

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

Accepted Answer

A)  Periderm is a protective tissue that replaces the epidermis in older stems. 
B)  Cork cambium produces new cells laterally, increasing the girth of the stem. 
C)  In woody tissues of monocotyledons there is no vascular cambium. 
D)  Cork consists of closely packed dead cells, surrounded by a protective layer of water-resistant cells 
E)  Periderm is the tissue that forms corky tissue. 
A)  Periderm is a protective tissue that replaces the epidermis in older stems. 
B)  Cork cambium produces new cells laterally, increasing the girth of the stem. 
C)  In woody tissues of monocotyledons there is no vascular cambium. 
D)  Cork consists of closely packed dead cells, surrounded by a protective layer of water-resistant cells 
E)  Periderm is the tissue that forms corky tissue. D

Question 3

Periclinal division is

Accepted Answer

A)  cell division in the plane parallel to the stem surface. 
B)  cell division leading to increased stem length. 
C)  cell division of triploid endosperm cells to provide diploid cells. 
D)  division of fusiform initials to produce clusters. 
E)  rapid cell division at the apical meristem. 
A)  cell division in the plane parallel to the stem surface. 
B)  cell division leading to increased stem length. 
C)  cell division of triploid endosperm cells to provide diploid cells. 
D)  division of fusiform initials to produce clusters. 
E)  rapid cell division at the apical meristem. A

Question 4

Cambium

Accepted Answer

A)  produces wood and bark in woody dicots. 
B)  is characteristic of woody monocots. 
C)  the prominent ring of vascular bundles in the stems of dicots. 
D)  adds length to stems by adding new cells behind it. 
E)  is a primary meristem, adding new cells laterally to increase stem girth. 
A)  produces wood and bark in woody dicots. 
B)  is characteristic of woody monocots. 
C)  the prominent ring of vascular bundles in the stems of dicots. 
D)  adds length to stems by adding new cells behind it. 
E)  is a primary meristem, adding new cells laterally to increase stem girth.

Question 5

Which of the following aspects of leaf morphology and anatomy are NOT directly influenced by the environment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Leaf structure 
B)  Leaf size 
C)  Chloroplast structure 
D)  Number of petioles 
E)  Cuticle thickness 
A)  Leaf structure 
B)  Leaf size 
C)  Chloroplast structure 
D)  Number of petioles 
E)  Cuticle thickness

Question 6

Cork cambium

Accepted Answer

A)  like vascular cambium, is a permanent, continuous cylinder. 
B)  forms in the cortex of young stems and the secondary phloem of old stems. 
C)  is corky tissue which replaces the epidermis forming the thick-walled phelloderm. 
D)  produces phellem to the inside and phelloderm to the outside. 
E)  in monocots replaces vascular cambium. 
A)  like vascular cambium, is a permanent, continuous cylinder. 
B)  forms in the cortex of young stems and the secondary phloem of old stems. 
C)  is corky tissue which replaces the epidermis forming the thick-walled phelloderm. 
D)  produces phellem to the inside and phelloderm to the outside. 
E)  in monocots replaces vascular cambium.

Question 7

The vascular tissue

Accepted Answer

A)  may contain chloroplasts and undertake photosynthesis. 
B)  includes aerenchyma, spongy parenchyma with a network of air spaces. 
C)  transports sugars around the plant. 
D)  is composed of xylem and trachids. 
E)  facilitates the exchange of materials with the environment. 
A)  may contain chloroplasts and undertake photosynthesis. 
B)  includes aerenchyma, spongy parenchyma with a network of air spaces. 
C)  transports sugars around the plant. 
D)  is composed of xylem and trachids. 
E)  facilitates the exchange of materials with the environment.

Question 8

Root nodules, characteristic of legumes and wattles, contain

Accepted Answer

A)  bacteria which convert organic nitrogen to gaseous nitrogen. 
B)  bacteria which fix gaseous nitrogen to ammonium. 
C)  fungi which fix gaseous nitrogen to ammonium. 
D)  bacteroids which secrete the enzymes to transport nitrogen into the cell. 
E)  fungi which convert organic nitrogen to gaseous nitrogen. 
A)  bacteria which convert organic nitrogen to gaseous nitrogen. 
B)  bacteria which fix gaseous nitrogen to ammonium. 
C)  fungi which fix gaseous nitrogen to ammonium. 
D)  bacteroids which secrete the enzymes to transport nitrogen into the cell. 
E)  fungi which convert organic nitrogen to gaseous nitrogen.

Question 9

Growth rings in trees

Accepted Answer

A)  occur as a result of changes in growth rates and thus xylem cell size. 
B)  are useful in the aging of trees in stable and erratic environments. 
C)  indicate where rings of phloem interspace rings of xylem. 
D)  indicate where vessels have become infiltrated with organic compounds. 
E)  are produced from ray parenchymal cells which lose their water-conducting capacity. 
A)  occur as a result of changes in growth rates and thus xylem cell size. 
B)  are useful in the aging of trees in stable and erratic environments. 
C)  indicate where rings of phloem interspace rings of xylem. 
D)  indicate where vessels have become infiltrated with organic compounds. 
E)  are produced from ray parenchymal cells which lose their water-conducting capacity.

Question 10

In plants, the vascular cambium

Accepted Answer

A)  produces wood and bark. 
B)  produces secondary phloem and xylem. 
C)  is found mainly in monocots. 
D)  adds to the length of the plant. 
E)  produces most of the stem tissue. 
A)  produces wood and bark. 
B)  produces secondary phloem and xylem. 
C)  is found mainly in monocots. 
D)  adds to the length of the plant. 
E)  produces most of the stem tissue.

Question 11

In phloem, photosynthetic products can move both laterally and vertically. Therefore, the protoplasmic strands that link adjacent sieve tube elements are

Accepted Answer

A)  actively opened and closed in response to phytochemical messages. 
B)  located on sieve tube plates on end walls. 
C)  located on sieve areas on side walls. 
D)  largely absent. 
E)  located on sieve tube plates on end walls and sieve areas on side walls. 
A)  actively opened and closed in response to phytochemical messages. 
B)  located on sieve tube plates on end walls. 
C)  located on sieve areas on side walls. 
D)  largely absent. 
E)  located on sieve tube plates on end walls and sieve areas on side walls.

Question 12

The exodermis found in the roots of some salt-tolerant trees

Accepted Answer

A)  enables the root to exclude chloride ions. 
B)  develops under the epidermis in the zone where secondary growth is occurring. 
C)  ensures that there is a zone of unsuberised cells near the root tip. 
D)  has an extensive surface area to enable the uptake of nutrients from the soil. 
E)  prevents water entering at the root tip. 
A)  enables the root to exclude chloride ions. 
B)  develops under the epidermis in the zone where secondary growth is occurring. 
C)  ensures that there is a zone of unsuberised cells near the root tip. 
D)  has an extensive surface area to enable the uptake of nutrients from the soil. 
E)  prevents water entering at the root tip.

Question 13

Vascular cambrium

Accepted Answer

A)  consists of a number of cell types including sieve tubes and tracheids. 
B)  contains two types of meristematic cells, fusiform and ray initials. 
C)  is a continuous multilayered cylinder of living meristem between the cortex and the pith. 
D)  is responsible for the production of secondary vascular tissues. 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  consists of a number of cell types including sieve tubes and tracheids. 
B)  contains two types of meristematic cells, fusiform and ray initials. 
C)  is a continuous multilayered cylinder of living meristem between the cortex and the pith. 
D)  is responsible for the production of secondary vascular tissues. 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 14

Water and minerals tend to enter plants from the soil via the apoplastic pathway. This means that they

Accepted Answer

A)  move through epidermal cells. 
B)  bypass the Casparian strip. 
C)  diffuse through the endodermis. 
D)  actively taken up by the cells of the Casparian strip. 
E)  move through walls and spaces between cells of the epidermis and cortex. 
A)  move through epidermal cells. 
B)  bypass the Casparian strip. 
C)  diffuse through the endodermis. 
D)  actively taken up by the cells of the Casparian strip. 
E)  move through walls and spaces between cells of the epidermis and cortex.

Question 15

In plants, the portions of the stems between the points of leaf attachment are called

Accepted Answer

A)  cladodes. 
B)  petioles. 
C)  internodes. 
D)  phyllodes. 
E)  cortex. 
A)  cladodes. 
B)  petioles. 
C)  internodes. 
D)  phyllodes. 
E)  cortex.

Question 16

In dicot roots

Accepted Answer

A)  the pericycle is the innermost layer of the cortex. 
B)  the endodermis is specialised cortex cells. 
C)  vascular cambium is usually absent. 
D)  the epidermis contains specialised cells impregnated with suberin to make them water-resistant. 
E)  there is rarely secondary growth. 
A)  the pericycle is the innermost layer of the cortex. 
B)  the endodermis is specialised cortex cells. 
C)  vascular cambium is usually absent. 
D)  the epidermis contains specialised cells impregnated with suberin to make them water-resistant. 
E)  there is rarely secondary growth.

Question 17

Adaptation of stems to saline conditions include

Accepted Answer

A)  fleshy stems with large palisade cells containing chloroplasts. 
B)  thin-walled cuticle covering a multilayered epidermis. 
C)  epidermal cells rich in chloroplasts for photosynthesis since leaves are reduced. 
D)  extensive aerenchyma with large gas-filled intracellular spaces. 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  fleshy stems with large palisade cells containing chloroplasts. 
B)  thin-walled cuticle covering a multilayered epidermis. 
C)  epidermal cells rich in chloroplasts for photosynthesis since leaves are reduced. 
D)  extensive aerenchyma with large gas-filled intracellular spaces. 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 18

The primary walls of collenchyma cells are thickened with

Accepted Answer

A)  hemicellulose, cellulose, $\beta$-glucan. 
B)  cellulose, protein, phospholipid. 
C)  pectins, cellulose, hemicellulose. 
D)  pectins, xylan, arabinose. 
E)  phospholipids,$\beta$-glucan, galactose. 
A)  hemicellulose, cellulose, $\beta$-glucan. 
B)  cellulose, protein, phospholipid. 
C)  pectins, cellulose, hemicellulose. 
D)  pectins, xylan, arabinose. 
E)  phospholipids,$\beta$-glucan, galactose.

Question 19

In a typical leaf blade

Accepted Answer

A)  chloroplasts are most abundant in epidermal cells. 
B)  CO2 diffuses from the stomata through the air spaces of the palisade mesophyll to the spongy mesophyll. 
C)  veins run parallel along the axis of the blade. 
D)  chloroplasts are most abundant in the palisade mesophyll. 
E)  the spongy mesophyll intercepts most light for photosynthesis. 
A)  chloroplasts are most abundant in epidermal cells. 
B)  CO2 diffuses from the stomata through the air spaces of the palisade mesophyll to the spongy mesophyll. 
C)  veins run parallel along the axis of the blade. 
D)  chloroplasts are most abundant in the palisade mesophyll. 
E)  the spongy mesophyll intercepts most light for photosynthesis.

Question 20

Ground meristem

Accepted Answer

A)  produces the root system. 
B)  produces the ground tissue system. 
C)  cells that develop into the root cap. 
D)  produces secondary growth. 
E)  develops from protoderm. 
A)  produces the root system. 
B)  produces the ground tissue system. 
C)  cells that develop into the root cap. 
D)  produces secondary growth. 
E)  develops from protoderm.

Exam 17: Structure of Plants

Xylem and phloem are referred to as

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

Periclinal division is

Cambium

Which of the following aspects of leaf morphology and anatomy are NOT directly influenced by the environment?

Cork cambium

The vascular tissue

Root nodules, characteristic of legumes and wattles, contain

Growth rings in trees

In plants, the vascular cambium

In phloem, photosynthetic products can move both laterally and vertically. Therefore, the protoplasmic strands that link adjacent sieve tube elements are

The exodermis found in the roots of some salt-tolerant trees

Vascular cambrium

Water and minerals tend to enter plants from the soil via the apoplastic pathway. This means that they

In plants, the portions of the stems between the points of leaf attachment are called

In dicot roots

Adaptation of stems to saline conditions include

The primary walls of collenchyma cells are thickened with

In a typical leaf blade

Ground meristem

Nature of Molecules

Biomolecules

The Chemistry of Life

Functioning Cells

Movement Across Membranes

Harvesting Energy

Cells, Tissues and Signals

Cell Division

Inheritance

Genes, Chromosomes and Dna

The Genetic Code

Gene Expression

Genomes, Mutation and Cancer

Viruses

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Reproduction, Growth and Development of Flowering Plants

Plant Nutrition, Transport and Adaptation to Stress

Plant Hormones and Growth Responses

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Homeostasis: Water, Solutes and Excretion

Gas Exchange in Animals

Circulation

Metabolism, Temperature Regulation and Environmental Stress

Animal and Human Nutrition

Innate Defences and the Immune System

Hormonal Control in Animals

Nervous Systems

Animal Movement

Animal Behaviour

Evolving Life

Evolving Earth

Mechanisms of Evolution

Bacteria

The Protists

Plants

Fungi

Simple Animals: Sponges to Flatworms

Annelids, Molluscs, Nematodes and Arthropods

Echinoderms and Chordates

Australian Biota

Population Ecology

Living in Communities

Ecosystems

Human Impacts

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