Question 1

What term best describes fungi that live in partnership with another fungi?

Accepted Answer

A)  Parasite 
B)  Saprophyte 
C)  Mutualist 
D)  Mycelium 
E)  Symbiotic 
A)  Parasite 
B)  Saprophyte 
C)  Mutualist 
D)  Mycelium 
E)  Symbiotic C

Question 2

A scientist wants to produce a large quantity of a pectinase enzyme, which breaks down cell walls and has various industrial applications. The scientist has also identified a yeast that produces and secretes this enzyme. How would she use this fungus to produce the pectinase in industrially significant concentrations in a short time frame?

Accepted Answer

A)  Grow the fungus in a fermentation vat to high numbers and purify the enzyme from the media. 
B)  Grow the yeast on solid media until there is a thick culture, then purify the enzyme from the media. 
C)  Grow the fungus in shake flasks and purify the enzyme from the media. 
D)  Genetically engineer the yeast to produce very high amounts of the pectinase, then grow the culture. 
E)  Grow several generations of the yeast, measuring pectinase output at each generation, and select for those with the highest output. 
A)  Grow the fungus in a fermentation vat to high numbers and purify the enzyme from the media. 
B)  Grow the yeast on solid media until there is a thick culture, then purify the enzyme from the media. 
C)  Grow the fungus in shake flasks and purify the enzyme from the media. 
D)  Genetically engineer the yeast to produce very high amounts of the pectinase, then grow the culture. 
E)  Grow several generations of the yeast, measuring pectinase output at each generation, and select for those with the highest output. A

Question 3

A home brewer accidentally heats his brew during fermentation, briefly increasing the temperature to around 65 $\degree$C. At the end of the brewing process the brewer decides to celebrate by getting rip-roaring drunk. He drinks a dozen bottles of beer and only succeeds in feeling sick. What went wrong?

Accepted Answer

A)  The temperature spike caused the ethanol to evaporate. 
B)  The energy pathways of yeast are temperature dependant, thus the increase in temperature caused the yeast to switch from fermenting sugars to gluconeogenesis via fatty-acid metabolism. 
C)  Warmer water resulted in thermal currents within the brew, displacing and disturbing the yeast culture. 
D)  The temperature spike killed the yeast, resulting in no ethanol production. 
E)  Under higher temperatures, the ethanol chemical reverts to isopropyl-alcohol. 
A)  The temperature spike caused the ethanol to evaporate. 
B)  The energy pathways of yeast are temperature dependant, thus the increase in temperature caused the yeast to switch from fermenting sugars to gluconeogenesis via fatty-acid metabolism. 
C)  Warmer water resulted in thermal currents within the brew, displacing and disturbing the yeast culture. 
D)  The temperature spike killed the yeast, resulting in no ethanol production. 
E)  Under higher temperatures, the ethanol chemical reverts to isopropyl-alcohol. D

Question 4

Phylum Zygomycota is a group of fungi that is characterised by

Accepted Answer

A)  having a thick-walled structure surrounding a diploid zygote. 
B)  not having a known sexual stage. 
C)  being mutualistic symbionts with algae. 
D)  fusion of hyphae occurs in sexual reproduction. 
E)  having many plant-like characteristics. 
A)  having a thick-walled structure surrounding a diploid zygote. 
B)  not having a known sexual stage. 
C)  being mutualistic symbionts with algae. 
D)  fusion of hyphae occurs in sexual reproduction. 
E)  having many plant-like characteristics.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about basidiomycetes is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Basidiomycetes include important biotrophic plant pathogens, such as rusts, which manifest specialised structures, such as appressoria and haustoria, to overcome plant defences and exploit their hosts. 
B)  Basidiomycetes lack the dolipore septa of ascomycetes. 
C)  The vegetative mycelium of basidiomycetes is haploid and multinucleate and has septa with simple pores. 
D)  The life cycle of basidiomycetes differs from that of ascomycetes. While both groups have delayed karyogamy, the dikaryon is only found in the basidiocarp of basidiomycetes. 
E)  Basidiomycetes lack the clamp connections formed in mitotically dividing cells, which preserves the dikaryon observed in ascomycetes. 
A)  Basidiomycetes include important biotrophic plant pathogens, such as rusts, which manifest specialised structures, such as appressoria and haustoria, to overcome plant defences and exploit their hosts. 
B)  Basidiomycetes lack the dolipore septa of ascomycetes. 
C)  The vegetative mycelium of basidiomycetes is haploid and multinucleate and has septa with simple pores. 
D)  The life cycle of basidiomycetes differs from that of ascomycetes. While both groups have delayed karyogamy, the dikaryon is only found in the basidiocarp of basidiomycetes. 
E)  Basidiomycetes lack the clamp connections formed in mitotically dividing cells, which preserves the dikaryon observed in ascomycetes.

Question 6

Yeasts used to ferment sugar to alcohol are

Accepted Answer

A)  zygomycetes. 
B)  ascomycetes. 
C)  glomeromycota. 
D)  basidiomycetes. 
E)  deuteromycetes. 
A)  zygomycetes. 
B)  ascomycetes. 
C)  glomeromycota. 
D)  basidiomycetes. 
E)  deuteromycetes.

Question 7

A particular fungus you are describing is a fast-growing saprophytic mould, where the hyphae lack any dividing septa and there are numerous microscopic sporangia. It is most likely to belong in the phylum

Accepted Answer

A)  Zygomycota. 
B)  Ascomycota. 
C)  Basidiomycota. 
D)  Glomeromycota. 
E)  Deuteromycota. 
A)  Zygomycota. 
B)  Ascomycota. 
C)  Basidiomycota. 
D)  Glomeromycota. 
E)  Deuteromycota.

Question 8

Memnospores

Accepted Answer

A)  are one of four types of conidiospores. 
B)  differ from xenospores in that they are produced in great numbers under favourable environmental conditions. 
C)  are sexual survival spores produced in response to nutrient depletion, the accumulation of staling products, or an environmental stimulus. 
D)  are minute, asexual animal parasites that lack mitochondria. 
E)  are produced more commonly than xenospores. 
A)  are one of four types of conidiospores. 
B)  differ from xenospores in that they are produced in great numbers under favourable environmental conditions. 
C)  are sexual survival spores produced in response to nutrient depletion, the accumulation of staling products, or an environmental stimulus. 
D)  are minute, asexual animal parasites that lack mitochondria. 
E)  are produced more commonly than xenospores.

Question 9

Which statement about fungal growth conditions is INCORRECT?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fungi do not require light to grow. 
B)  Fungi that grow in very dry conditions can obtain water as a metabolic product of carbohydrate breakdown. 
C)  Cold or heat shock may be necessary in some species to stimulate spore formation. 
D)  Macrofungi have gravity-sensing mechanisms to enable them to orient their fruiting bodies. 
E)  Fungi are found in all environments except marine environments. 
A)  Fungi do not require light to grow. 
B)  Fungi that grow in very dry conditions can obtain water as a metabolic product of carbohydrate breakdown. 
C)  Cold or heat shock may be necessary in some species to stimulate spore formation. 
D)  Macrofungi have gravity-sensing mechanisms to enable them to orient their fruiting bodies. 
E)  Fungi are found in all environments except marine environments.

Question 10

When ingested, alkaloids from the ergot fungus results in

Accepted Answer

A)  hallucinations. 
B)  psychotic episodes. 
C)  constriction of veins and arteries. 
D)  gastro-intestinal irritation. 
E)  death. 
A)  hallucinations. 
B)  psychotic episodes. 
C)  constriction of veins and arteries. 
D)  gastro-intestinal irritation. 
E)  death.

Question 11

In phylum Basidiomycota, the basidiospores form

Accepted Answer

A)  from a monokaryotic basidium. 
B)  when two short hyphal branches fuse. 
C)  inside a thick-walled structure where two hyphae have fused. 
D)  in the primary mycelium. 
E)  on the basidiocarp 
A)  from a monokaryotic basidium. 
B)  when two short hyphal branches fuse. 
C)  inside a thick-walled structure where two hyphae have fused. 
D)  in the primary mycelium. 
E)  on the basidiocarp

Question 12

Plant fungal pathogens account for the direct loss of what percentage of the world's food production?

Accepted Answer

A)  2% 
B)  5% 
C)  10% 
D)  15% 
E)  20% 
A)  2% 
B)  5% 
C)  10% 
D)  15% 
E)  20%

Question 13

A hyphal cell contains two haploid nuclei that came from different sources. Such a cell would be described as

Accepted Answer

A)  monokaryotic. 
B)  homokaryotic. 
C)  heterokaryotic. 
D)  plasmogamy. 
E)  karyogamic. 
A)  monokaryotic. 
B)  homokaryotic. 
C)  heterokaryotic. 
D)  plasmogamy. 
E)  karyogamic.

Question 14

Fungi tolerate a wide range of environmental extremes. Which statement best describes a strategy that adapts fungi to an environmental extreme?

Accepted Answer

A)  Xerotolerance is achieved through the interconversion of storage compounds, which makes water available. 
B)  Mesophiles adjust the lipid composition of their membranes to maintain constant membrane fluidity. 
C)  Hydrophobins are produced by fungi to enable them to grow in water. 
D)  Psychrophiles initiate dormancy at 5 $\degree$C to prevent metabolic damage at low temperatures. 
E)  Halophiles rely on the rigidity of fungal cell walls to prevent turgor pressure from causing lysis. 
A)  Xerotolerance is achieved through the interconversion of storage compounds, which makes water available. 
B)  Mesophiles adjust the lipid composition of their membranes to maintain constant membrane fluidity. 
C)  Hydrophobins are produced by fungi to enable them to grow in water. 
D)  Psychrophiles initiate dormancy at 5 $\degree$C to prevent metabolic damage at low temperatures. 
E)  Halophiles rely on the rigidity of fungal cell walls to prevent turgor pressure from causing lysis.

Question 15

A mycologist collects a random sample from a forest floor and identifies several hyphae among the decaying matter. This is most likely to be a

Accepted Answer

A)  parasite. 
B)  mutualist. 
C)  symbiont. 
D)  saprophyte. 
E)  pathogen. 
A)  parasite. 
B)  mutualist. 
C)  symbiont. 
D)  saprophyte. 
E)  pathogen.

Question 16

Sclerotia are

Accepted Answer

A)  sites of new cell wall deposition. 
B)  a dormant stage of fungi which is resistant to degradation. 
C)  spores produced on elaborate fruiting bodies. 
D)  a mat of hyphae involved in spore production. 
E)  hyphae strands covered by a tough outer sheath. 
A)  sites of new cell wall deposition. 
B)  a dormant stage of fungi which is resistant to degradation. 
C)  spores produced on elaborate fruiting bodies. 
D)  a mat of hyphae involved in spore production. 
E)  hyphae strands covered by a tough outer sheath.

Question 17

Most fungi are adapted to living and thriving in dark environments, but some exist in areas exposed to light. Unlike fungi that live in the dark, why do many light exposed fungi have melanin in their cell walls?

Accepted Answer

A)  To prevent them getting sunburnt 
B)  To darken their fruiting bodies, making them less likely to appear palatable to foragers 
C)  To help protect against UV-mediated DNA damage 
D)  Uupon ingestion, melanin reacts in acidic environments to produce a gastric irritant 
E)  All fungi can produce melanin, but when exposed to light the photons react with specialised chitin compounds to produce melanin 
A)  To prevent them getting sunburnt 
B)  To darken their fruiting bodies, making them less likely to appear palatable to foragers 
C)  To help protect against UV-mediated DNA damage 
D)  Uupon ingestion, melanin reacts in acidic environments to produce a gastric irritant 
E)  All fungi can produce melanin, but when exposed to light the photons react with specialised chitin compounds to produce melanin

Question 18

Fungi grow and explore their substrates

Accepted Answer

A)  production of coenocytic hyphae from rhizoids. 
B)  cell division by formation of septa across the hyphae. 
C)  increasing the hyphae length by absorption of nutrients through the cell wall. 
D)  by extension from the hyphal tip. 
E)  production and release of spores from the sporangium. 
A)  production of coenocytic hyphae from rhizoids. 
B)  cell division by formation of septa across the hyphae. 
C)  increasing the hyphae length by absorption of nutrients through the cell wall. 
D)  by extension from the hyphal tip. 
E)  production and release of spores from the sporangium.

Question 19

What feature of fungi is most attractive to biotechnologists?

Accepted Answer

A)  Their high nutrient value. 
B)  They are easy to grow in the laboratory. 
C)  They naturally secrete enzymes. 
D)  They taste great. 
E)  They have a simple genome. 
A)  Their high nutrient value. 
B)  They are easy to grow in the laboratory. 
C)  They naturally secrete enzymes. 
D)  They taste great. 
E)  They have a simple genome.

Question 20

The kingdom Fungi is believed to have evolved from

Accepted Answer

A)  euglenoids. 
B)  choanoflagellates. 
C)  green algae. 
D)  mycetozoa. 
E)  kinetoplastids. 
A)  euglenoids. 
B)  choanoflagellates. 
C)  green algae. 
D)  mycetozoa. 
E)  kinetoplastids.

Exam 38: Fungi

What term best describes fungi that live in partnership with another fungi?

Phylum Zygomycota is a group of fungi that is characterised by

Which of the following statements about basidiomycetes is true?

Yeasts used to ferment sugar to alcohol are

A particular fungus you are describing is a fast-growing saprophytic mould, where the hyphae lack any dividing septa and there are numerous microscopic sporangia. It is most likely to belong in the phylum

Memnospores

Which statement about fungal growth conditions is INCORRECT?

When ingested, alkaloids from the ergot fungus results in

In phylum Basidiomycota, the basidiospores form

Plant fungal pathogens account for the direct loss of what percentage of the world's food production?

A hyphal cell contains two haploid nuclei that came from different sources. Such a cell would be described as

Fungi tolerate a wide range of environmental extremes. Which statement best describes a strategy that adapts fungi to an environmental extreme?

A mycologist collects a random sample from a forest floor and identifies several hyphae among the decaying matter. This is most likely to be a

Sclerotia are

Most fungi are adapted to living and thriving in dark environments, but some exist in areas exposed to light. Unlike fungi that live in the dark, why do many light exposed fungi have melanin in their cell walls?

Fungi grow and explore their substrates

What feature of fungi is most attractive to biotechnologists?

The kingdom Fungi is believed to have evolved from

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Gene Expression

Genomes, Mutation and Cancer

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Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

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Structure of Plants

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Homeostasis: Water, Solutes and Excretion

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