Question 1

Which of the following statements about Fungi is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

A)  Many Zygomycota have lost their sexual stage and reproduce only asexually. 
B)  The earliest groups of Fungi are the Dikarya. 
C)  The Microsporidia, which includes mushrooms, evolved regular septa in their hyphae. 
D)  Morphological similarities between Fungi and red algae demonstrate convergent evolution towards the fungus. 
E)  Primitive Fungi adopted a diploid rather than a haploid nuclei in their vegetative cells and evolved a unique form of mitosis. 
A)  Many Zygomycota have lost their sexual stage and reproduce only asexually. 
B)  The earliest groups of Fungi are the Dikarya. 
C)  The Microsporidia, which includes mushrooms, evolved regular septa in their hyphae. 
D)  Morphological similarities between Fungi and red algae demonstrate convergent evolution towards the fungus. 
E)  Primitive Fungi adopted a diploid rather than a haploid nuclei in their vegetative cells and evolved a unique form of mitosis.

Question 2

Septa

Accepted Answer

A)  form regular cross-walls formed during cell division of fungi. 
B)  grow inwards from the cell wall. 
C)  have a hole in them to allow cytoplasmic continuity along the hyphae. 
D)  form continuous walls only to separate spores. 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  form regular cross-walls formed during cell division of fungi. 
B)  grow inwards from the cell wall. 
C)  have a hole in them to allow cytoplasmic continuity along the hyphae. 
D)  form continuous walls only to separate spores. 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 3

A dairy farmer has several fields full of productive, vigorous pasture including rye grass and clover. However, whenever he feeds his herd on these particular fields his cows seem to lose their balance and stagger, and soon after have reduced appetites and therefore produce less milk. What course of action should the farmer take to address this problem?

Accepted Answer

A)  Aapply an insecticide to kill any tsetse flies laying eggs in the field. 
B)  Apply a broad-spectrum antibiotic to kill any entero-gastric bacteria present in the field. 
C)  Apply a monocot-specific herbicide to kill any noxious weeds. 
D)  Apply a dicot-specific herbicide to kill any herbs or woody seedlings harbouring toxin-producing filamentous fungi. 
E)  Apply a fungicide to the field to kill any endophytes living in the pasture plants. 
A)  Aapply an insecticide to kill any tsetse flies laying eggs in the field. 
B)  Apply a broad-spectrum antibiotic to kill any entero-gastric bacteria present in the field. 
C)  Apply a monocot-specific herbicide to kill any noxious weeds. 
D)  Apply a dicot-specific herbicide to kill any herbs or woody seedlings harbouring toxin-producing filamentous fungi. 
E)  Apply a fungicide to the field to kill any endophytes living in the pasture plants.

Question 4

Comparative molecular and biochemical analysis of fungi and protists suggest that fungi:

Accepted Answer

A)  evolved from red algae. 
B)  evolved from the chytrid group of protists. 
C)  are distinct enough to be in a completely different evolutionary lineage to the other eukaryotes. 
D)  adopted a diploid nucleus in their vegetative cells. 
E)  and protists are closely related. 
A)  evolved from red algae. 
B)  evolved from the chytrid group of protists. 
C)  are distinct enough to be in a completely different evolutionary lineage to the other eukaryotes. 
D)  adopted a diploid nucleus in their vegetative cells. 
E)  and protists are closely related.

Question 5

Unlike the oomycetes, which are protists, chytrids ought to be classified with the fungi because

Accepted Answer

A)  the pathway for lysine synthesis includes the intermediate diaminopimelic acid instead of aminoadipic acid. 
B)  they form motile zoospores. 
C)  some forms manifest a coenocytic mycelium. 
D)  their hyphae are coenocytic. 
E)  their mitochondria have flat, plate-like cristae. 
A)  the pathway for lysine synthesis includes the intermediate diaminopimelic acid instead of aminoadipic acid. 
B)  they form motile zoospores. 
C)  some forms manifest a coenocytic mycelium. 
D)  their hyphae are coenocytic. 
E)  their mitochondria have flat, plate-like cristae.

Question 6

The phylum Mycophycota

Accepted Answer

A)  is an ecological rather than taxonomic grouping of fungi. 
B)  are classified on the conidiospore formation. 
C)  has members which reproduce by fragmentation or the production of sori. 
D)  is most closely related to the deuteromycetes. 
E)  form commensal relationships with cyanobacteria or chlorophytes. 
A)  is an ecological rather than taxonomic grouping of fungi. 
B)  are classified on the conidiospore formation. 
C)  has members which reproduce by fragmentation or the production of sori. 
D)  is most closely related to the deuteromycetes. 
E)  form commensal relationships with cyanobacteria or chlorophytes.

Question 7

Some fungi have fruiting bodies composed of pseudoparenchyma tissue forming hyphal mats called

Accepted Answer

A)  asci. 
B)  stroma. 
C)  rhizomorphs. 
D)  clerotia. 
E)  septa. 
A)  asci. 
B)  stroma. 
C)  rhizomorphs. 
D)  clerotia. 
E)  septa.

Question 8

In fungi, basidiospores are

Accepted Answer

A)  haploid. 
B)  diploid. 
C)  the product of mitosis in the basidium. 
D)  found only in primary hyphae. 
E)  found only in secondary hyphae. 
A)  haploid. 
B)  diploid. 
C)  the product of mitosis in the basidium. 
D)  found only in primary hyphae. 
E)  found only in secondary hyphae.

Question 9

Fungal cell walls

Accepted Answer

A)  differ from plant cell walls in that they lack polysaccharides. 
B)  are physiologically similar to plant cell walls, but not structurally similar. 
C)  are made of chitin only. 
D)  are similar to the plasma membrane and consist of lipids. 
E)  are synthesised in the Golgi apparatus. 
A)  differ from plant cell walls in that they lack polysaccharides. 
B)  are physiologically similar to plant cell walls, but not structurally similar. 
C)  are made of chitin only. 
D)  are similar to the plasma membrane and consist of lipids. 
E)  are synthesised in the Golgi apparatus.

Question 10

Fungal mitosis is unusual because

Accepted Answer

A)  the nuclear envelope remains intact except in the basidiomycetes. 
B)  at metaphase, the chromosomes align longitudinally rather than equatorially. 
C)  hyphae from compatible individuals anastomose. 
D)  microtubules do not connect to the kinetophores because the intact nuclear membrane precludes spindle formation. 
E)  plasmogamy delays karyogamy. 
A)  the nuclear envelope remains intact except in the basidiomycetes. 
B)  at metaphase, the chromosomes align longitudinally rather than equatorially. 
C)  hyphae from compatible individuals anastomose. 
D)  microtubules do not connect to the kinetophores because the intact nuclear membrane precludes spindle formation. 
E)  plasmogamy delays karyogamy.

Question 11

Unlike most other eukaryotes, microsporidia do not have mitochondria. However, their genome contains genes that are related to mitochondrial function. This suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  mitochondrial-function genes have been transferred by viral transmission from other fungal species. 
B)  microsporidia used to have mitochondria but they have been lost. 
C)  at some stage in the past, microsporidia have fused with another fungal phyla and produced a hybrid that still carries some of the mitochondrial-function genes even though they are now non-functional. 
D)  microsporidia no longer produce asexually. 
E)  microsporidia energy requirements are not ATP driven. 
A)  mitochondrial-function genes have been transferred by viral transmission from other fungal species. 
B)  microsporidia used to have mitochondria but they have been lost. 
C)  at some stage in the past, microsporidia have fused with another fungal phyla and produced a hybrid that still carries some of the mitochondrial-function genes even though they are now non-functional. 
D)  microsporidia no longer produce asexually. 
E)  microsporidia energy requirements are not ATP driven.

Question 12

The phylum Deuteromycota

Accepted Answer

A)  is referred to as the fungi imperfecti because teleomorphs are commonly known in this group. 
B)  has members classified into natural groups on the basis of sexual and asexual spores. 
C)  is polyphyletic precluding a phylogenetic classification at this taxonomic rank. 
D)  includes large mushrooms, puffballs and bracket fungi. 
E)  is closely related to the phylum Ascomycota, to which all members of the group bear a strong morphological resemblance. 
A)  is referred to as the fungi imperfecti because teleomorphs are commonly known in this group. 
B)  has members classified into natural groups on the basis of sexual and asexual spores. 
C)  is polyphyletic precluding a phylogenetic classification at this taxonomic rank. 
D)  includes large mushrooms, puffballs and bracket fungi. 
E)  is closely related to the phylum Ascomycota, to which all members of the group bear a strong morphological resemblance.

Question 13

DNA sequencing analysis classifies fungi into how many distinct phyla?

Accepted Answer

A)  6 
B)  4 
C)  8 
D)  3 
E)  9 
A)  6 
B)  4 
C)  8 
D)  3 
E)  9

Question 14

A swelling at the tip of the hypha that can penetrate the host without damaging it is called

Accepted Answer

A)  a conidiophore. 
B)  an haustorium. 
C)  an appressorium. 
D)  a rhizomorph. 
E)  the sclerotium. 
A)  a conidiophore. 
B)  an haustorium. 
C)  an appressorium. 
D)  a rhizomorph. 
E)  the sclerotium.

Question 15

In nearly all fungi, the most common carbon source used is

Accepted Answer

A)  glucose. 
B)  glycogen. 
C)  sucrose. 
D)  fructose. 
E)  glycerol. 
A)  glucose. 
B)  glycogen. 
C)  sucrose. 
D)  fructose. 
E)  glycerol.

Question 16

Fungi exhibit successional stages in the decomposition of organic matter. In observing the decomposition of a complex substrate you would expect

Accepted Answer

A)  the most competitive fungi to colonise the substrate first. 
B)  the most competitive fungi to be the fastest growing. 
C)  the first fungi to appear are usually Ascomycota which use cellulose and simple sugars. 
D)  the most primitive fungi, such as the Zygomycetes, in the pioneering stages and the most advanced fungi, such as the Basidiomycetes, in the latter stages of succession. 
E)  that the evolution of fungi is not correlated with competitive ability and succession. 
A)  the most competitive fungi to colonise the substrate first. 
B)  the most competitive fungi to be the fastest growing. 
C)  the first fungi to appear are usually Ascomycota which use cellulose and simple sugars. 
D)  the most primitive fungi, such as the Zygomycetes, in the pioneering stages and the most advanced fungi, such as the Basidiomycetes, in the latter stages of succession. 
E)  that the evolution of fungi is not correlated with competitive ability and succession.

Question 17

Genetic diversity in asexual fungi is generated by

Accepted Answer

A)  random mutation. 
B)  regular grafting of hyphae to enable recombination. 
C)  DNA methylation to change gene expression. 
D)  fusion of spored to form diploid nuclei with DNA from different parents. 
E)  changes in gene expression by epigenetic changes. 
A)  random mutation. 
B)  regular grafting of hyphae to enable recombination. 
C)  DNA methylation to change gene expression. 
D)  fusion of spored to form diploid nuclei with DNA from different parents. 
E)  changes in gene expression by epigenetic changes.

Question 18

Which statement about fungal spores is INCORRECT?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sexual spores are always haploid. 
B)  Fungi reproduce by spores produced both sexually and asexually. 
C)  Spores have the ability to be dispersed over long distances. 
D)  There are eight ascospores in each ascus. 
E)  Spores produced under favourable conditions are generally asexually produced. 
A)  Sexual spores are always haploid. 
B)  Fungi reproduce by spores produced both sexually and asexually. 
C)  Spores have the ability to be dispersed over long distances. 
D)  There are eight ascospores in each ascus. 
E)  Spores produced under favourable conditions are generally asexually produced.

Question 19

Organisms within the Kingdom Fungi are currently classified

Accepted Answer

A)  phylogenetically. 
B)  on the basis of their reproduction, and are monophyletic. 
C)  on the basis of morphology, and are therefore a natural group. 
D)  into six groups. 
E)  by DNA analysis. 
A)  phylogenetically. 
B)  on the basis of their reproduction, and are monophyletic. 
C)  on the basis of morphology, and are therefore a natural group. 
D)  into six groups. 
E)  by DNA analysis.

Question 20

Mycorrhizae are mutualisms between fungi and plants. Which of the following statements about mycorrhizae is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ectomycorrhizae form more intimate associations with the cells in plant roots than arbuscular mycorrhizae. 
B)  The Hartig net of mycelium is characteristic of the ectomycorrhizae. 
C)  Orchid mycorrhizal associations are most likely to be facultative particularly for the orchid. 
D)  Mycorrhizal fungi increase the uptake of carbon by the associated plant. 
E)  Epacrid mycorrhizae facilitate the growth of temperate forest trees, such as eucalypts and pines, in nutrient-depleted forest soils. 
A)  Ectomycorrhizae form more intimate associations with the cells in plant roots than arbuscular mycorrhizae. 
B)  The Hartig net of mycelium is characteristic of the ectomycorrhizae. 
C)  Orchid mycorrhizal associations are most likely to be facultative particularly for the orchid. 
D)  Mycorrhizal fungi increase the uptake of carbon by the associated plant. 
E)  Epacrid mycorrhizae facilitate the growth of temperate forest trees, such as eucalypts and pines, in nutrient-depleted forest soils.

Exam 38: Fungi

Which of the following statements about Fungi is CORRECT?

Septa

Comparative molecular and biochemical analysis of fungi and protists suggest that fungi:

Unlike the oomycetes, which are protists, chytrids ought to be classified with the fungi because

The phylum Mycophycota

Some fungi have fruiting bodies composed of pseudoparenchyma tissue forming hyphal mats called

In fungi, basidiospores are

Fungal cell walls

Fungal mitosis is unusual because

Unlike most other eukaryotes, microsporidia do not have mitochondria. However, their genome contains genes that are related to mitochondrial function. This suggests that

The phylum Deuteromycota

DNA sequencing analysis classifies fungi into how many distinct phyla?

A swelling at the tip of the hypha that can penetrate the host without damaging it is called

In nearly all fungi, the most common carbon source used is

Fungi exhibit successional stages in the decomposition of organic matter. In observing the decomposition of a complex substrate you would expect

Genetic diversity in asexual fungi is generated by

Which statement about fungal spores is INCORRECT?

Organisms within the Kingdom Fungi are currently classified

Mycorrhizae are mutualisms between fungi and plants. Which of the following statements about mycorrhizae is CORRECT?

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