Question 1

What is 'the dilemma of land plants'?

Accepted Answer

A)  Obtaining enough water to grow. 
B)  Water loss due to respiration. 
C)  Lack of nutrients. 
D)  In order to obtain carbon dioxide, plants risk losing water. 
E)  Water balance. 
A)  Obtaining enough water to grow. 
B)  Water loss due to respiration. 
C)  Lack of nutrients. 
D)  In order to obtain carbon dioxide, plants risk losing water. 
E)  Water balance. D

Question 2

Phloem sap is a concentrated solution consisting mainly of sucrose. This is because sucrose

Accepted Answer

A)  is a non-reducing sugar and so does not modify other compounds such as proteins during transport. 
B)  is easily converted to other sugars such as raffinose and mannitol which are metabolically active. 
C)  maintains the high negative pressure required for transport of assimilates. 
D)  is able to diffuse through the cell membrane and enter cells for energy. 
E)  is readily taken up by the roots. 
A)  is a non-reducing sugar and so does not modify other compounds such as proteins during transport. 
B)  is easily converted to other sugars such as raffinose and mannitol which are metabolically active. 
C)  maintains the high negative pressure required for transport of assimilates. 
D)  is able to diffuse through the cell membrane and enter cells for energy. 
E)  is readily taken up by the roots. A

Question 3

Most plants have adapted to infertile conditions. Modifications to obtain essential nutrients include

Accepted Answer

A)  increased root hairs. 
B)  uptake systems for insoluble phosphates. 
C)  internal recycling of nutrients. 
D)  nitrogen fixation by symbiotes. 
E)  All of these answers are correct. 
A)  increased root hairs. 
B)  uptake systems for insoluble phosphates. 
C)  internal recycling of nutrients. 
D)  nitrogen fixation by symbiotes. 
E)  All of these answers are correct. A

Question 4

The movement of water through plants is

Accepted Answer

A)  maintained during the day by the positive water potential of the air. 
B)  along a gradient where the water potential is lower in the roots and higher in the leaves. 
C)  possible because xylem sap is more dilute than root cell vacuoles. 
D)  along a water potential gradient maintained in the xylem by negative hydrostatic pressure. 
E)  by active transport in the phloem. 
A)  maintained during the day by the positive water potential of the air. 
B)  along a gradient where the water potential is lower in the roots and higher in the leaves. 
C)  possible because xylem sap is more dilute than root cell vacuoles. 
D)  along a water potential gradient maintained in the xylem by negative hydrostatic pressure. 
E)  by active transport in the phloem.

Question 5

To photosynthesise, land plants require

Accepted Answer

A)  light, oxygen and water. 
B)  minerals, light and oxygen. 
C)  light, carbon dioxide and water. 
D)  light, minerals and carbon dioxide. 
E)  carbon dioxide, minerals and water. 
A)  light, oxygen and water. 
B)  minerals, light and oxygen. 
C)  light, carbon dioxide and water. 
D)  light, minerals and carbon dioxide. 
E)  carbon dioxide, minerals and water.

Question 6

Under waterlogged conditions

Accepted Answer

A)  root growth is likely to increase due to increased water availability. 
B)  lack of O2 is likely to result in decreased root growth. 
C)  anaerobic organisms are less likely to be producing toxic substances. 
D)  increased plant xylem to transport water rapidly from the roots. 
E)  root cells are more permeable to water and ions. 
A)  root growth is likely to increase due to increased water availability. 
B)  lack of O2 is likely to result in decreased root growth. 
C)  anaerobic organisms are less likely to be producing toxic substances. 
D)  increased plant xylem to transport water rapidly from the roots. 
E)  root cells are more permeable to water and ions.

Question 7

Australian soils are widely

Accepted Answer

A)  deficient in phosphorus and copper. 
B)  high in phosphorus. 
C)  high in the trace element molybdenum (Mo). 
D)  deficient only in phosphorus. 
E)  deficient in phosphorus and oxygen. 
A)  deficient in phosphorus and copper. 
B)  high in phosphorus. 
C)  high in the trace element molybdenum (Mo). 
D)  deficient only in phosphorus. 
E)  deficient in phosphorus and oxygen.

Question 8

The raw materials for the growth of a plant come from the translocation of assimilates through the plant by

Accepted Answer

A)  transport in phloem from leaf to root. 
B)  transport in phloem from root to leaf. 
C)  transport in xylem from leaf to root. 
D)  transport in xylem from root to leaf. 
E)  the direction of transport is dependent on the time of day and the ability of the plant to undergo photosynthesis. 
A)  transport in phloem from leaf to root. 
B)  transport in phloem from root to leaf. 
C)  transport in xylem from leaf to root. 
D)  transport in xylem from root to leaf. 
E)  the direction of transport is dependent on the time of day and the ability of the plant to undergo photosynthesis.

Question 9

Plants such as mangroves and rice have adaptations for survival in low-oxygen soils, including

Accepted Answer

A)  decreasing rates of anaerobic fermentation in the roots. 
B)  increasing the rate of photosynthesis and so increasing water uptake. 
C)  decreasing rates of growth, nutrient uptake and water use. 
D)  production of air canals on the soil surface. 
E)  production of lateral canals in the roots. 
A)  decreasing rates of anaerobic fermentation in the roots. 
B)  increasing the rate of photosynthesis and so increasing water uptake. 
C)  decreasing rates of growth, nutrient uptake and water use. 
D)  production of air canals on the soil surface. 
E)  production of lateral canals in the roots.

Question 10

Transport of non-gaseous substances in plants

Accepted Answer

A)  involves hydrostatic pressure differences over long distances. 
B)  must be apoplastic to utilise plasmodermata. 
C)  does not occur across the tonoplast. 
D)  is by diffusion in the phloem of tall plants. 
E)  is rarely an active process. 
A)  involves hydrostatic pressure differences over long distances. 
B)  must be apoplastic to utilise plasmodermata. 
C)  does not occur across the tonoplast. 
D)  is by diffusion in the phloem of tall plants. 
E)  is rarely an active process.

Question 11

If the osmotic potential of a plant cell is -1.4 MPa, and the pressure potential is 0.6 MPa, then the water potential of the cell is

Accepted Answer

A)  -2.0 MPa. 
B)  +0.8 MPa. 
C)  -0.8 MPa. 
D)  0 MPa. 
E)  2.0 MPa. 
A)  -2.0 MPa. 
B)  +0.8 MPa. 
C)  -0.8 MPa. 
D)  0 MPa. 
E)  2.0 MPa.

Question 12

Which of the following are NOT adaptations of Australian plants to nutrient poor soils?

Accepted Answer

A)  Root clusters 
B)  Organic acid exudates 
C)  Symbioses between roots and microorganisms 
D)  Root mucilage sheath 
E)  Full functionality at relatively low nutrient levels 
A)  Root clusters 
B)  Organic acid exudates 
C)  Symbioses between roots and microorganisms 
D)  Root mucilage sheath 
E)  Full functionality at relatively low nutrient levels

Question 13

Stomatal opening and closing is affected by

Accepted Answer

A)  sunlight. 
B)  CO2 concentration. 
C)  atmospheric water. 
D)  abscisic acid concentration. 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  sunlight. 
B)  CO2 concentration. 
C)  atmospheric water. 
D)  abscisic acid concentration. 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 14

When a cell loses water and decreases in volume

Accepted Answer

A)  pressure potential and osmotic potential both decrease and water potential increases. 
B)  pressure potential and water potential both decrease and osmotic potential increases. 
C)  pressure potential and osmotic potential both increase and water potential also increases. 
D)  pressure potential and osmotic potential both decrease and water potential also decreases. 
E)  pressure potential and osmotic potential both increase and water potential decreases. 
A)  pressure potential and osmotic potential both decrease and water potential increases. 
B)  pressure potential and water potential both decrease and osmotic potential increases. 
C)  pressure potential and osmotic potential both increase and water potential also increases. 
D)  pressure potential and osmotic potential both decrease and water potential also decreases. 
E)  pressure potential and osmotic potential both increase and water potential decreases.

Question 15

Eucalypt seedlings grown on calcareous, alkaline soils tend to be

Accepted Answer

A)  elongated and spindly due to an oversupply of nitrogen. 
B)  stunted, due to a lack of all micronutrients. 
C)  stunted due to an overabundance of iron. 
D)  yellow, due to a lack of all micronutrients. 
E)  yellow, due to iron deficiency. 
A)  elongated and spindly due to an oversupply of nitrogen. 
B)  stunted, due to a lack of all micronutrients. 
C)  stunted due to an overabundance of iron. 
D)  yellow, due to a lack of all micronutrients. 
E)  yellow, due to iron deficiency.

Question 16

Proteoid roots

Accepted Answer

A)  are an adaptation to obtain oxygen in waterlogged soils. 
B)  store proteins. 
C)  are a symbiotic association between plant roots and fungi. 
D)  are an adaptation to nutrient-poor soils. 
E)  store carbohydrates. 
A)  are an adaptation to obtain oxygen in waterlogged soils. 
B)  store proteins. 
C)  are a symbiotic association between plant roots and fungi. 
D)  are an adaptation to nutrient-poor soils. 
E)  store carbohydrates.

Question 17

Which of the following elements are ALL micronutrients?

Accepted Answer

A)  Molybdenum, potassium, boron, copper 
B)  Nickel, chlorine, magnesium, manganese 
C)  Calcium, iron, zinc, sulphur 
D)  Phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, calcium 
E)  Copper, manganese, zinc, iron 
A)  Molybdenum, potassium, boron, copper 
B)  Nickel, chlorine, magnesium, manganese 
C)  Calcium, iron, zinc, sulphur 
D)  Phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, calcium 
E)  Copper, manganese, zinc, iron

Question 18

A scientist wants to capture and analyse some of the water that is being lost by transpiration via evaporation. She wants to capture the most amount of water in the quickest time from an actively transpiring plant in the sun. Which organs should she use to capture this water, and why?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mature leaves, as these have the highest rates of transpiration. 
B)  Juvenile leaves, as these have the highest rates of transpiration. 
C)  The bottom most leaves, as these will have the highest amount of exudates due to guttation. 
D)  The green sections of the stem, as this has the lowest surface area to volume ratio. 
E)  Flag leaf one and two, as these are most rapidly expanding leaves. 
A)  Mature leaves, as these have the highest rates of transpiration. 
B)  Juvenile leaves, as these have the highest rates of transpiration. 
C)  The bottom most leaves, as these will have the highest amount of exudates due to guttation. 
D)  The green sections of the stem, as this has the lowest surface area to volume ratio. 
E)  Flag leaf one and two, as these are most rapidly expanding leaves.

Question 19

Mineral nutrients in the form of ions have a general function and may also have specific functions. Which of the following statements is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mineral nutrients have no effect on water balance. 
B)  Trace elements such as Cu and Fe are rarely involved in redox reactions. 
C)  Mg is a component of chlorophyll. 
D)  Ca is essential for the maintenance of mitochondrial redox. 
E)  Cytochromes, involved in electron transport reactions, contain Zn but not Fe. 
A)  Mineral nutrients have no effect on water balance. 
B)  Trace elements such as Cu and Fe are rarely involved in redox reactions. 
C)  Mg is a component of chlorophyll. 
D)  Ca is essential for the maintenance of mitochondrial redox. 
E)  Cytochromes, involved in electron transport reactions, contain Zn but not Fe.

Question 20

After being loaded into the phloem, dissolved nutrients in the xylem sap may be intercepted and directed towards which tissues?

Accepted Answer

A)  Roots and/or tubers 
B)  Leaves and fruits 
C)  Developing flowers 
D)  Stem tissue 
E)  Meristematic cambium 
A)  Roots and/or tubers 
B)  Leaves and fruits 
C)  Developing flowers 
D)  Stem tissue 
E)  Meristematic cambium

Exam 18: Plant Nutrition, Transport and Adaptation to Stress

What is 'the dilemma of land plants'?

Phloem sap is a concentrated solution consisting mainly of sucrose. This is because sucrose

Most plants have adapted to infertile conditions. Modifications to obtain essential nutrients include

The movement of water through plants is

To photosynthesise, land plants require

Under waterlogged conditions

Australian soils are widely

The raw materials for the growth of a plant come from the translocation of assimilates through the plant by

Plants such as mangroves and rice have adaptations for survival in low-oxygen soils, including

Transport of non-gaseous substances in plants

If the osmotic potential of a plant cell is -1.4 MPa, and the pressure potential is 0.6 MPa, then the water potential of the cell is

Which of the following are NOT adaptations of Australian plants to nutrient poor soils?

Stomatal opening and closing is affected by

When a cell loses water and decreases in volume

Eucalypt seedlings grown on calcareous, alkaline soils tend to be

Proteoid roots

Which of the following elements are ALL micronutrients?

A scientist wants to capture and analyse some of the water that is being lost by transpiration via evaporation. She wants to capture the most amount of water in the quickest time from an actively transpiring plant in the sun. Which organs should she use to capture this water, and why?

Mineral nutrients in the form of ions have a general function and may also have specific functions. Which of the following statements is correct?

After being loaded into the phloem, dissolved nutrients in the xylem sap may be intercepted and directed towards which tissues?

Nature of Molecules

Biomolecules

The Chemistry of Life

Functioning Cells

Movement Across Membranes

Harvesting Energy

Cells, Tissues and Signals

Cell Division

Inheritance

Genes, Chromosomes and Dna

The Genetic Code

Gene Expression

Genomes, Mutation and Cancer

Viruses

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Reproduction, Growth and Development of Flowering Plants

Structure of Plants

Plant Hormones and Growth Responses

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Homeostasis: Water, Solutes and Excretion

Gas Exchange in Animals

Circulation

Metabolism, Temperature Regulation and Environmental Stress

Animal and Human Nutrition

Innate Defences and the Immune System

Hormonal Control in Animals

Nervous Systems

Animal Movement

Animal Behaviour

Evolving Life

Evolving Earth

Mechanisms of Evolution

Bacteria

The Protists

Plants

Fungi

Simple Animals: Sponges to Flatworms

Annelids, Molluscs, Nematodes and Arthropods

Echinoderms and Chordates

Australian Biota

Population Ecology

Living in Communities

Ecosystems

Human Impacts

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