Question 1

In order for sexual reproduction to occur

Accepted Answer

A)  unfertilised eggs develop by fusion of mitotically produced nuclei. 
B)  meiosis occurs without cytokinesis. 
C)  eggs must be fertilised. 
D)  zygotes undergo meiosis after fertilisation of the gametes. 
E)  None of the answers are correct. 
A)  unfertilised eggs develop by fusion of mitotically produced nuclei. 
B)  meiosis occurs without cytokinesis. 
C)  eggs must be fertilised. 
D)  zygotes undergo meiosis after fertilisation of the gametes. 
E)  None of the answers are correct. C

Question 2

The process of fertilisation in the sea urchin involves

Accepted Answer

A)  binding of the sperm to the egg; release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm; movement of the whole sperm into the egg cytoplasm. 
B)  formation of the acrosomal process to the vitelline membrane; release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm; penetration of the sperm head into the cytoplasm of the egg. 
C)  binding of the sperm to the plasma membrane of the egg; release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm; penetration of the sperm head into the cytoplasm of the egg. 
D)  binding of the sperm to the plasma membrane of the egg; release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm; movement of the whole sperm into the egg cytoplasm. 
E)  interaction between the sperm and the jelly coat of the egg; release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm; movement of the sperm head into the egg cytoplasm. 
A)  binding of the sperm to the egg; release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm; movement of the whole sperm into the egg cytoplasm. 
B)  formation of the acrosomal process to the vitelline membrane; release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm; penetration of the sperm head into the cytoplasm of the egg. 
C)  binding of the sperm to the plasma membrane of the egg; release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm; penetration of the sperm head into the cytoplasm of the egg. 
D)  binding of the sperm to the plasma membrane of the egg; release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm; movement of the whole sperm into the egg cytoplasm. 
E)  interaction between the sperm and the jelly coat of the egg; release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm; movement of the sperm head into the egg cytoplasm. E

Question 3

Primordial germ cells

Accepted Answer

A)  are relatively numerous in the developing embryo. 
B)  develop near the site of their final location. 
C)  proliferate by meiotic division. 
D)  develop into somatic cells. 
E)  have the ability to give rise to cells that will form gametes. 
A)  are relatively numerous in the developing embryo. 
B)  develop near the site of their final location. 
C)  proliferate by meiotic division. 
D)  develop into somatic cells. 
E)  have the ability to give rise to cells that will form gametes. E

Question 4

An individual organism reproduced and was the only source of genetic information for the offspring. This organism could NOT have reproduced

Accepted Answer

A)  sexually. 
B)  by parthenogenesis. 
C)  by cloning. 
D)  by budding. 
E)  by regeneration. 
A)  sexually. 
B)  by parthenogenesis. 
C)  by cloning. 
D)  by budding. 
E)  by regeneration.

Question 5

Gametogenesis is

Accepted Answer

A)  a sequence of biological modifications leading to the production of sperm. 
B)  production of spermatids from secondary spermatocytes by mitotic division. 
C)  the process of sexual reproduction in animals. 
D)  the asexual reproduction seen in some animals dependent on environmental conditions. 
E)  the asymmetric cell division of the primary oocyte. 
A)  a sequence of biological modifications leading to the production of sperm. 
B)  production of spermatids from secondary spermatocytes by mitotic division. 
C)  the process of sexual reproduction in animals. 
D)  the asexual reproduction seen in some animals dependent on environmental conditions. 
E)  the asymmetric cell division of the primary oocyte.

Question 6

A human male of reproductive age spends much of his time engaging with females on dating websites, trying to lure potential mates. However, as he has no internet access at his home, he must conduct this behaviour at his work. If he were to be caught doing this in work time using work resources he would very likely be sacked. This is, therefore, an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  reproductive success. 
B)  dispersal. 
C)  protandry. 
D)  protogyny. 
E)  reproductive effort. 
A)  reproductive success. 
B)  dispersal. 
C)  protandry. 
D)  protogyny. 
E)  reproductive effort.

Question 7

Which one of the following statements is NOT a function of sex hormones?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sex hormones regulate the development of gametes. 
B)  Sex hormones provide nutrition for gametes. 
C)  Sex hormones produce sexual differences in appearance. 
D)  Sex hormones act as pheromones. 
E)  Sex hormones regulate the development of sex organs. 
A)  Sex hormones regulate the development of gametes. 
B)  Sex hormones provide nutrition for gametes. 
C)  Sex hormones produce sexual differences in appearance. 
D)  Sex hormones act as pheromones. 
E)  Sex hormones regulate the development of sex organs.

Question 8

When an egg and sperm cell membranes fuse, what term describes the process whereby the sperm pronucleus passes into the egg cytoplasm and joins the egg pronucleus?

Accepted Answer

A)  Karyogamy 
B)  Telophase 
C)  Gametogenesis 
D)  Syngamy 
E)  Acromagy 
A)  Karyogamy 
B)  Telophase 
C)  Gametogenesis 
D)  Syngamy 
E)  Acromagy

Question 9

In many animals, excluding mammals, the contribution of sperm to the genetics of early embryonic development is minimal. In these examples, egg development stops at which stage?

Accepted Answer

A)  Zygote. 
B)  Blastula. 
C)  Embryo. 
D)  Gamete. 
E)  Gastrula. 
A)  Zygote. 
B)  Blastula. 
C)  Embryo. 
D)  Gamete. 
E)  Gastrula.

Question 10

An unknown organism is observed to release a large number of very small eggs. Soon after being released, the eggs hatch and release organisms that are morphologically dissimilar to the parent. This organism must therefore use what type of reproductive strategy?

Accepted Answer

A)  direct development. 
B)  protandrous. 
C)  parthenogenesis. 
D)  regeneration. 
E)  indirect development. 
A)  direct development. 
B)  protandrous. 
C)  parthenogenesis. 
D)  regeneration. 
E)  indirect development.

Question 11

The region of the reproductive tract where eutherian embryos develop is the

Accepted Answer

A)  ovary. 
B)  uterus. 
C)  testis. 
D)  placenta. 
E)  urethra. 
A)  ovary. 
B)  uterus. 
C)  testis. 
D)  placenta. 
E)  urethra.

Question 12

Characteristics of parthenogenesis include

Accepted Answer

A)  reproduction involving only mitosis. 
B)  individual animals that are able to produce both sexually and asexually. 
C)  sexual reproduction in response to environmental stress. 
D)  production of sperm in the testes. 
E)  the ability of an animal to change sex during its life. 
A)  reproduction involving only mitosis. 
B)  individual animals that are able to produce both sexually and asexually. 
C)  sexual reproduction in response to environmental stress. 
D)  production of sperm in the testes. 
E)  the ability of an animal to change sex during its life.

Question 13

Which mechanism is NOT used by hermaphroditic organisms to prevent self-fertilisation?

Accepted Answer

A)  They may release male and female gametes at different times. 
B)  Gonads are well separated in the body. 
C)  Eggs and sperm mature at different times if released simultaneously. 
D)  Animal hermaphrodites can change sex as they mature. 
E)  They have complex mating to ensure fertilisation of the partner's eggs. 
A)  They may release male and female gametes at different times. 
B)  Gonads are well separated in the body. 
C)  Eggs and sperm mature at different times if released simultaneously. 
D)  Animal hermaphrodites can change sex as they mature. 
E)  They have complex mating to ensure fertilisation of the partner's eggs.

Question 14

In spermatogenesis four haploid spermatids are formed by

Accepted Answer

A)  differentiation of the sperm cells. 
B)  meiotic division of the secondary spermatocyte. 
C)  meiotic division of the primary spermatocyte. 
D)  asymmetric cell division of spermatogonia. 
E)  proliferation of the spermatogonia. 
A)  differentiation of the sperm cells. 
B)  meiotic division of the secondary spermatocyte. 
C)  meiotic division of the primary spermatocyte. 
D)  asymmetric cell division of spermatogonia. 
E)  proliferation of the spermatogonia.

Question 15

Which of the following is a cost of direct internal development?

Accepted Answer

A)  A reduction in parental body reserves. 
B)  Decreased parental mobility and foraging ability. 
C)  Increased risk of predation. 
D)  Smaller number of eggs. 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  A reduction in parental body reserves. 
B)  Decreased parental mobility and foraging ability. 
C)  Increased risk of predation. 
D)  Smaller number of eggs. 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 16

The structure of a mature human sperm cells contains all of the following, EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  acrosomal vesicle. 
B)  mitochondrion. 
C)  tail of microtubules. 
D)  centriole. 
E)  seminiferous vesicle. 
A)  acrosomal vesicle. 
B)  mitochondrion. 
C)  tail of microtubules. 
D)  centriole. 
E)  seminiferous vesicle.

Question 17

In human fertilisation, approximately how long is the period of time between entry of the sperm pronucleus into the egg and merging of the two pronuclear genomes after breakdown of the pronuclear envelopes?

Accepted Answer

A)  6 hours 
B)  14 hours 
C)  30 hours 
D)  9 hours 
E)  20 hours 
A)  6 hours 
B)  14 hours 
C)  30 hours 
D)  9 hours 
E)  20 hours

Question 18

In mammals, the oocyte is surrounded by

Accepted Answer

A)  polar bodies. 
B)  the zona pellucida. 
C)  follicle cells. 
D)  vitelline membrane. 
E)  nurse cells. 
A)  polar bodies. 
B)  the zona pellucida. 
C)  follicle cells. 
D)  vitelline membrane. 
E)  nurse cells.

Question 19

As the mammal egg matures it is surrounded by several extracellular membranes including the

Accepted Answer

A)  vitelline membrane. 
B)  zona pellucida. 
C)  jelly coat. 
D)  chalaza. 
E)  shell. 
A)  vitelline membrane. 
B)  zona pellucida. 
C)  jelly coat. 
D)  chalaza. 
E)  shell.

Question 20

A fish of unknown species and origin is delivered to a laboratory to assess its basic physical characteristics such as weight, length and sex to determine if it is suitable for a study. Weeks later, the fish is reassessed to measure its progress since entering the lab. The new assessor determines the fish is female, whereas the initial assessor determined the fish to be a male. Given both assessors are experienced and competent, what could be a likely reason for this apparent contradiction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Protogyny 
B)  Protandry 
C)  Pseudohypoparagametogenesis 
D)  Dimorphogenesis 
E)  Dysmorphogyny 
A)  Protogyny 
B)  Protandry 
C)  Pseudohypoparagametogenesis 
D)  Dimorphogenesis 
E)  Dysmorphogyny

Exam 20: Animal Reproduction

In order for sexual reproduction to occur

The process of fertilisation in the sea urchin involves

Primordial germ cells

An individual organism reproduced and was the only source of genetic information for the offspring. This organism could NOT have reproduced

Gametogenesis is

Which one of the following statements is NOT a function of sex hormones?

When an egg and sperm cell membranes fuse, what term describes the process whereby the sperm pronucleus passes into the egg cytoplasm and joins the egg pronucleus?

In many animals, excluding mammals, the contribution of sperm to the genetics of early embryonic development is minimal. In these examples, egg development stops at which stage?

An unknown organism is observed to release a large number of very small eggs. Soon after being released, the eggs hatch and release organisms that are morphologically dissimilar to the parent. This organism must therefore use what type of reproductive strategy?

The region of the reproductive tract where eutherian embryos develop is the

Characteristics of parthenogenesis include

Which mechanism is NOT used by hermaphroditic organisms to prevent self-fertilisation?

In spermatogenesis four haploid spermatids are formed by

Which of the following is a cost of direct internal development?

The structure of a mature human sperm cells contains all of the following, EXCEPT

In human fertilisation, approximately how long is the period of time between entry of the sperm pronucleus into the egg and merging of the two pronuclear genomes after breakdown of the pronuclear envelopes?

In mammals, the oocyte is surrounded by

As the mammal egg matures it is surrounded by several extracellular membranes including the

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