Question 1

High energy sources on early Earth, which were most likely involved in the origin of life, included:

Accepted Answer

A)  volcanic activity, lightning, and ultraviolet radiation. 
B)  bombardment from meteorites, gamma radiation, and cosmic radiation. 
C)  intense radiation, volcanic activity, and redox energy. 
D)  oxidizing environment, electrical discharge, and geothermal energy. 
E)  infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation, and oxidizing radiation. 
A)  volcanic activity, lightning, and ultraviolet radiation. 
B)  bombardment from meteorites, gamma radiation, and cosmic radiation. 
C)  intense radiation, volcanic activity, and redox energy. 
D)  oxidizing environment, electrical discharge, and geothermal energy. 
E)  infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation, and oxidizing radiation. A

Question 2

Figure 21-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).  
-All of the following characteristics apply to the organism in Figure 21-2 EXCEPT?

Accepted Answer

A)  marine reptile 
B)  lived during the Triassic period 
C)  body form resembled a porpoise 
D)  large eyes 
E)  enlarged sharp claws 
A)  marine reptile 
B)  lived during the Triassic period 
C)  body form resembled a porpoise 
D)  large eyes 
E)  enlarged sharp claws E

Question 3

Organisms whose metabolic processes are harmed by the presence of oxygen are called:

Accepted Answer

A)  obligate anaerobes. 
B)  facultative anaerobes. 
C)  facultative aerobes. 
D)  heterotrophs. 
E)  obligate aerobes. 
A)  obligate anaerobes. 
B)  facultative anaerobes. 
C)  facultative aerobes. 
D)  heterotrophs. 
E)  obligate aerobes. A

Question 4

Experiments called in vitro evolution or directed evolution have shown that:

Accepted Answer

A)  RNA can evolve into DNA. 
B)  RNA can evolve to catalyze a variety of reactions. 
C)  RNA can evolve into protein enzymes. 
D)  DNA can evolve the double helix structure. 
E)  RNA can evolve to self replicate. 
A)  RNA can evolve into DNA. 
B)  RNA can evolve to catalyze a variety of reactions. 
C)  RNA can evolve into protein enzymes. 
D)  DNA can evolve the double helix structure. 
E)  RNA can evolve to self replicate.

Question 5

Some protobionts have been shown to have the ALL of following features except

Accepted Answer

A)  divide by binary fission. 
B)  maintain a chemical environment different from their external environment. 
C)  metabolize certain compounds. 
D)  grow in size. 
E)  disorganization 
A)  divide by binary fission. 
B)  maintain a chemical environment different from their external environment. 
C)  metabolize certain compounds. 
D)  grow in size. 
E)  disorganization

Question 6

The time in the history of Earth when evolution was progressing at the most rapid rate, as evidenced by fossils such as those of the Burgess Shale, is the:

Accepted Answer

A)  Cambrian period. 
B)  Ordovician period. 
C)  Silurian period. 
D)  Devonian period. 
E)  Carboniferous period. 
A)  Cambrian period. 
B)  Ordovician period. 
C)  Silurian period. 
D)  Devonian period. 
E)  Carboniferous period.

Question 7

The first cells were most likely heterotrophic anaerobes because:

Accepted Answer

A)  they were dependent upon cyanobacteria for oxygen. 
B)  they manufactured organic molecules and needed oxygen. 
C)  they manufactured organic molecules and do not need oxygen. 
D)  they utilized preformed organic molecules and needed oxygen. 
E)  they utilized preformed organic molecules and did not need oxygen. 
A)  they were dependent upon cyanobacteria for oxygen. 
B)  they manufactured organic molecules and needed oxygen. 
C)  they manufactured organic molecules and do not need oxygen. 
D)  they utilized preformed organic molecules and needed oxygen. 
E)  they utilized preformed organic molecules and did not need oxygen.

Question 8

Figure 21-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).  
-The theory illustrated by Figure 21-1 is used to explain the origin of:

Accepted Answer

A)  anaerobes. 
B)  prokaryotes. 
C)  eukaryotes. 
D)  vascular plants. 
E)  protobionts. 
A)  anaerobes. 
B)  prokaryotes. 
C)  eukaryotes. 
D)  vascular plants. 
E)  protobionts.

Question 9

MATCHING
Match the period with the biological events
a.Cambrian 542mya
d.Jurassic 200mya
b.Carboniferous 359 mya
e.Quaternary 2.6 mya
c.Devonian 488 mya
-Extinction of large mammals; age of Homo sapiens

Accepted Answer

The answer of MATCHING
Match the period with the biological events
a.Cambrian...

Question 10

The Mesozoic era is often called the age of:

Accepted Answer

A)  amphibians. 
B)  fish. 
C)  mammals. 
D)  conifers. 
E)  reptiles. 
A)  amphibians. 
B)  fish. 
C)  mammals. 
D)  conifers. 
E)  reptiles.

Question 11

One of the most significant steps in the evolution of true cells from macromolecular assemblages was the evolution of:

Accepted Answer

A)  molecular reproduction. 
B)  covalent bonding. 
C)  hydrogen bonding. 
D)  electronegativity. 
E)  valence electrons. 
A)  molecular reproduction. 
B)  covalent bonding. 
C)  hydrogen bonding. 
D)  electronegativity. 
E)  valence electrons.

Question 12

The first land animals were probably the:

Accepted Answer

A)  arthropods. 
B)  amphibians. 
C)  reptiles. 
D)  mammals. 
E)  dinosaurs. 
A)  arthropods. 
B)  amphibians. 
C)  reptiles. 
D)  mammals. 
E)  dinosaurs.

Question 13

MATCHING
Match the period with the biological events
a.Cambrian 542mya
d.Jurassic 200mya
b.Carboniferous 359 mya
e.Quaternary 2.6 mya
c.Devonian 488 mya
-Describe the four requirements for chemical evolution and why each was essential.

Accepted Answer

Concepts to Consider: Little o

Question 14

The most significant outcome of the Miller and Urey experiment was that they:

Accepted Answer

A)  were the first to synthesize living cells. 
B)  demonstrated natural selection. 
C)  proved that the iron-sulfur world hypothesis was false. 
D)  proved that life did not originate on Earth. 
E)  synthesized organic molecules from inorganic materials. 
A)  were the first to synthesize living cells. 
B)  demonstrated natural selection. 
C)  proved that the iron-sulfur world hypothesis was false. 
D)  proved that life did not originate on Earth. 
E)  synthesized organic molecules from inorganic materials.

Question 15

The earliest photosynthetic autotrophs were probably:

Accepted Answer

A)  similar to the green and purple sulfur bacteria of today. 
B)  first formed about 1 billion years ago. 
C)  the first organisms to release oxygen. 
D)  obligate aerobes. 
E)  fermenting heterortrophs. 
A)  similar to the green and purple sulfur bacteria of today. 
B)  first formed about 1 billion years ago. 
C)  the first organisms to release oxygen. 
D)  obligate aerobes. 
E)  fermenting heterortrophs.

Question 16

One critical requirement for life to arise on Earth was time for:

Accepted Answer

A)  the atmospheric temperature to increase sufficiently. 
B)  molecules to accumulate and react with one another. 
C)  the Earth's various climates to stabilize. 
D)  the salinity of the oceans to stabilize. 
E)  the ozone layer to form, so that the level of ultraviolet radiation was reduced. 
A)  the atmospheric temperature to increase sufficiently. 
B)  molecules to accumulate and react with one another. 
C)  the Earth's various climates to stabilize. 
D)  the salinity of the oceans to stabilize. 
E)  the ozone layer to form, so that the level of ultraviolet radiation was reduced.

Question 17

Protobionts are vesicle-like assemblages of abiotically-produced organic polymers.
_______

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Briefly explain the iron-sulfur world hypothesis and identify two pieces of evidence that support this hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

The iron sulfide hypothesis states that

Question 19

The approximate age of the Earth is:

Accepted Answer

A)  100,000 years. 
B)  1.2 billion years. 
C)  4.6 billion years. 
D)  10.5 billion years. 
E)  13.6 billion years. 
A)  100,000 years. 
B)  1.2 billion years. 
C)  4.6 billion years. 
D)  10.5 billion years. 
E)  13.6 billion years.

Question 20

The mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period:

Accepted Answer

A)  occurred about 250 million years ago. 
B)  had little impact on gymnosperms. 
C)  was likely the result of dramatic climate changes. 
D)  was followed by the period dominated by reptiles and dinosaurs. 
E)  was caused by the global distribution of iridium and the subsequent radioactive fallout. 
A)  occurred about 250 million years ago. 
B)  had little impact on gymnosperms. 
C)  was likely the result of dramatic climate changes. 
D)  was followed by the period dominated by reptiles and dinosaurs. 
E)  was caused by the global distribution of iridium and the subsequent radioactive fallout.

Exam 21: The Origin and Evolutionary History of Life

High energy sources on early Earth, which were most likely involved in the origin of life, included:

Figure 21-2 Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s). -All of the following characteristics apply to the organism in Figure 21-2 EXCEPT?

Organisms whose metabolic processes are harmed by the presence of oxygen are called:

Experiments called in vitro evolution or directed evolution have shown that:

Some protobionts have been shown to have the ALL of following features except

The time in the history of Earth when evolution was progressing at the most rapid rate, as evidenced by fossils such as those of the Burgess Shale, is the:

The first cells were most likely heterotrophic anaerobes because:

Figure 21-1 Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s). -The theory illustrated by Figure 21-1 is used to explain the origin of:

MATCHING Match the period with the biological events a.Cambrian 542mya d.Jurassic 200mya b.Carboniferous 359 mya e.Quaternary 2.6 mya c.Devonian 488 mya -Extinction of large mammals; age of Homo sapiens

The Mesozoic era is often called the age of:

One of the most significant steps in the evolution of true cells from macromolecular assemblages was the evolution of:

The first land animals were probably the:

MATCHING Match the period with the biological events a.Cambrian 542mya d.Jurassic 200mya b.Carboniferous 359 mya e.Quaternary 2.6 mya c.Devonian 488 mya -Describe the four requirements for chemical evolution and why each was essential.

The most significant outcome of the Miller and Urey experiment was that they:

The earliest photosynthetic autotrophs were probably:

One critical requirement for life to arise on Earth was time for:

Protobionts are vesicle-like assemblages of abiotically-produced organic polymers. _______

Briefly explain the iron-sulfur world hypothesis and identify two pieces of evidence that support this hypothesis.

The approximate age of the Earth is:

The mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period:

A View of Life

Atoms and Molecules: the Chemical Basis of Life

The Chemistry of Life: Organic Compounds

Organization of the Cell

Biological Membranes

Cell Communication

Energy and Metabolism

How Cells Make Atp: Energy-Releasing Pathways

Photosynthesis: Capturing Light Energy

Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis

The Basic Principles of Heredity

Dna: the Carrier of Genetic Information

Gene Expression

Gene Regulation

Dna Technology and Genomics

Human Genetics and the Human Genome

Developmental Genetics

Introduction to Darwinian Evolution

Evolutionary Change in Populations

Speciation and Macroevolution

The Evolution of Primates

Understanding Diversity: Systematics

Viruses and Subviral Agents

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Seedless Plants

Seed Plants

The Fungi

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Sponges, Cnidarians, Ctenophores, and Protostomes

The Deuterostomes

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Leaf Structure and Function

Stem Structure and Transport

Roots and Mineral Nutrition

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Developmental Responses to External and Internal Signals

Animal Structure and Function: an Introduction

Protection, Support, and Movement

Neural Signaling

Neural Regulation

Sensory Systems

Internal Transport

The Immune System: Internal Defense

Gas Exchange

Processing Food and Nutrition

Osmoregulation and Disposal of Metabolic Wastes

Endocrine Regulation

Reproduction

Animal Development

Animal Behavior

Introduction to Ecology: Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and the Biosphere

Ecology and the Geography of Life

Biological Diversity and Conservation Biology

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