Question 1

Explain a way that organisms sense and respond to their environment.

Accepted Answer

Answers vary but could include the follo

Question 2

What happens when strand slippage occurs on the template or the newly synthesized DNA strand? How does Neisseria gonorrhoeae use slipped-strand mispairing to its advantage?

Accepted Answer

Strand slippage occurring on the templat

Question 3

Phase variation in Salmonella enterica involves

Accepted Answer

A)  gene inversion. 
B)  chemotaxis. 
C)  outer membrane proteins. 
D)  sRNA. 
E)  slipped-strand mispairing. 
A)  gene inversion. 
B)  chemotaxis. 
C)  outer membrane proteins. 
D)  sRNA. 
E)  slipped-strand mispairing.

Question 4

Briefly explain two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. What is the procedure used to determine, and why are both dimensions necessary?

Accepted Answer

The proteome of a cell includes all of t

Question 5

The little amount of sigma H that is made at 30°C is ________ by the DnaK/GrpE/DnaJ chaperones.

Accepted Answer

A)  enhanced 
B)  activated 
C)  degraded 
D)  protected 
E)  folded 
A)  enhanced 
B)  activated 
C)  degraded 
D)  protected 
E)  folded

Question 6

When the forespore is first produced, about what percentage of the chromosome is actually inside it?

Accepted Answer

A)  10 
B)  20 
C)  30 
D)  40 
E)  50 
A)  10 
B)  20 
C)  30 
D)  40 
E)  50

Question 7

Describe the function of prokaryotic activator proteins.

Accepted Answer

Most prokaryotic activators bi

Question 8

Many bacteria produce some type of homoserine lactone for quorum sensing, yet some Gram-positive bacteria will produce ________ for this same purpose.

Accepted Answer

A)  antibiotics 
B)  peptides 
C)  furanosyl borate diester 
D)  cyclic di-GMP 
E)  ppGpp 
A)  antibiotics 
B)  peptides 
C)  furanosyl borate diester 
D)  cyclic di-GMP 
E)  ppGpp

Question 9

The figure below diagrams a process used to study bacterial physiology. Which is the correct description of the steps shown?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cells are lysed, two-dimensional gels are run, and then spots of protein are run through mass spec. Proteins' peaks are identified. 
B)  Cells are lysed, two-dimensional gels are run, isobaric tags are added to the proteins, and they are run through a mass spec. Proteins' peaks are identified. 
C)  Cells are lysed, two-dimensional gels are run, and proteins are digested with trypsin and run through a mass spec. Proteins' peaks are identified. 
D)  Cells are lysed, proteins are digested with trypsin, and column is used followed by mass spec. Proteins' peaks are identified. 
E)  Cells are lysed, RNA is purified, cDNA is made, and sequencing is carried out. 
A)  Cells are lysed, two-dimensional gels are run, and then spots of protein are run through mass spec. Proteins' peaks are identified. 
B)  Cells are lysed, two-dimensional gels are run, isobaric tags are added to the proteins, and they are run through a mass spec. Proteins' peaks are identified. 
C)  Cells are lysed, two-dimensional gels are run, and proteins are digested with trypsin and run through a mass spec. Proteins' peaks are identified. 
D)  Cells are lysed, proteins are digested with trypsin, and column is used followed by mass spec. Proteins' peaks are identified. 
E)  Cells are lysed, RNA is purified, cDNA is made, and sequencing is carried out.

Question 10

As diagrammed below, some amino acid biosynthetic operons have stem loop structures in the mRNA. These structures play a role in the regulation of the operon by which of the following mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

A)  The leader sequence shown contains codons for the amino acid. When these are low, the ribosome stalls, allowing a hairpin between the two middle regions to form so that the rest of the message can be translated. 
B)  A repressor protein made of that amino acid will bind to the region and prevent translation when large amounts of the amino acid are present. 
C)  In the presence of large amounts of the amino acid, the hairpin will wind around the amino acid and prevent further translation. 
D)  The uridine-rich region has codons for that amino acid; when present, this region will be a terminator region. The hairpins allow for an RNA to bind that then allows translation to occur. 
E)  Catabolite repressor protein can bind and prevent the hairpins from forming, thus allowing translation to occur. 
A)  The leader sequence shown contains codons for the amino acid. When these are low, the ribosome stalls, allowing a hairpin between the two middle regions to form so that the rest of the message can be translated. 
B)  A repressor protein made of that amino acid will bind to the region and prevent translation when large amounts of the amino acid are present. 
C)  In the presence of large amounts of the amino acid, the hairpin will wind around the amino acid and prevent further translation. 
D)  The uridine-rich region has codons for that amino acid; when present, this region will be a terminator region. The hairpins allow for an RNA to bind that then allows translation to occur. 
E)  Catabolite repressor protein can bind and prevent the hairpins from forming, thus allowing translation to occur.

Question 11

When an inducer is added to a medium containing an organism with a metabolic pathway controlled by a repressor, the inducer then

Accepted Answer

A)  combines with the repressor and activates the repressor. 
B)  combines with the repressor and inactivates the repressor. 
C)  combines with the substrate and blocks induction. 
D)  combines with the substrate and activates induction. 
E)  does not combine with, but functions as a chaperone molecule for, the enzyme-substrate complex. 
A)  combines with the repressor and activates the repressor. 
B)  combines with the repressor and inactivates the repressor. 
C)  combines with the substrate and blocks induction. 
D)  combines with the substrate and activates induction. 
E)  does not combine with, but functions as a chaperone molecule for, the enzyme-substrate complex.

Question 12

How many of the gene products of the lactose operon are required for the utilization of lactose to occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  none 
B)  one 
C)  two 
D)  three 
E)  four 
A)  none 
B)  one 
C)  two 
D)  three 
E)  four

Question 13

Which molecule is used for hybridization to DNA bound on a DNA microarray?

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA 
B)  RNA 
C)  mRNA 
D)  cDNA 
E)  qDNA 
A)  DNA 
B)  RNA 
C)  mRNA 
D)  cDNA 
E)  qDNA

Exam 10: Molecular Regulation

Explain a way that organisms sense and respond to their environment.

What happens when strand slippage occurs on the template or the newly synthesized DNA strand? How does Neisseria gonorrhoeae use slipped-strand mispairing to its advantage?

Phase variation in Salmonella enterica involves

Briefly explain two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. What is the procedure used to determine, and why are both dimensions necessary?

The little amount of sigma H that is made at 30°C is ________ by the DnaK/GrpE/DnaJ chaperones.

When the forespore is first produced, about what percentage of the chromosome is actually inside it?

Describe the function of prokaryotic activator proteins.

Many bacteria produce some type of homoserine lactone for quorum sensing, yet some Gram-positive bacteria will produce ________ for this same purpose.

The figure below diagrams a process used to study bacterial physiology. Which is the correct description of the steps shown?

As diagrammed below, some amino acid biosynthetic operons have stem loop structures in the mRNA. These structures play a role in the regulation of the operon by which of the following mechanisms?

When an inducer is added to a medium containing an organism with a metabolic pathway controlled by a repressor, the inducer then

How many of the gene products of the lactose operon are required for the utilization of lactose to occur?

Which molecule is used for hybridization to DNA bound on a DNA microarray?

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

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