Question 1

Competence in Gram-positive organisms is induced by

Accepted Answer

A)  calcium and cold. 
B)  electrical currents. 
C)  competence factors made of peptides. 
D)  presence of biofilm. 
E)  Competence is not induced in Gram-positive bacteria. 
A)  calcium and cold. 
B)  electrical currents. 
C)  competence factors made of peptides. 
D)  presence of biofilm. 
E)  Competence is not induced in Gram-positive bacteria.

Question 2

Newly replicated, and consequently ________, DNA sequences are invisible to a restriction enzyme.

Accepted Answer

A)  mutated 
B)  restricted 
C)  modified 
D)  hemimethylated 
E)  single-stranded 
A)  mutated 
B)  restricted 
C)  modified 
D)  hemimethylated 
E)  single-stranded

Question 3

Which of the following mutagens does NOT cause point mutations?

Accepted Answer

A)  caffeine 
B)  5-bromouracil 
C)  nitrosoguanidine 
D)  nitrites 
E)  acridine dyes 
A)  caffeine 
B)  5-bromouracil 
C)  nitrosoguanidine 
D)  nitrites 
E)  acridine dyes

Question 4

In the figure below, which type(s) of mutation(s) is/are introducing frameshifts? A. 
 
B.
 
C.
 
D.
 
E.

Accepted Answer

A)  A and B 
B)  C and D 
C)  D and E 
D)  A, B, and C 
E)  only D 
A)  A and B 
B)  C and D 
C)  D and E 
D)  A, B, and C 
E)  only D

Question 5

In the figure shown below, product A is the result of ________ and product B is the result of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  vertical gene transfer; horizontal gene transfer 
B)  nonreplicative transposition; replicative transposition 
C)  nonhomologous recombination; homologous recombination 
D)  missense mutation; nonsense mutation 
E)  generalized transduction; specialized transduction 
A)  vertical gene transfer; horizontal gene transfer 
B)  nonreplicative transposition; replicative transposition 
C)  nonhomologous recombination; homologous recombination 
D)  missense mutation; nonsense mutation 
E)  generalized transduction; specialized transduction

Question 6

During conjugation, DNA pol ________ is used for replication beginning at ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  I; oriV 
B)  III; oriV 
C)  I; oriT 
D)  II; oriT 
E)  III; oriT 
A)  I; oriV 
B)  III; oriV 
C)  I; oriT 
D)  II; oriT 
E)  III; oriT

Question 7

Describe the purpose of an Ames revision test and how it is performed.

Accepted Answer

The Ames test can be used as a rapid ini

Question 8

A difference between type II restriction enzyme and type I or type III restriction enzymes is that

Accepted Answer

A)  type II enzymes require shorter recognition sequences. 
B)  type II enzymes cut at the recognition sequence rather than elsewhere. 
C)  type I and III cut palindromic sequences but type II does not. 
D)  type I and III require different proteins for methylation and cutting. 
E)  type II enzymes are found only in Gram-positive bacteria. 
A)  type II enzymes require shorter recognition sequences. 
B)  type II enzymes cut at the recognition sequence rather than elsewhere. 
C)  type I and III cut palindromic sequences but type II does not. 
D)  type I and III require different proteins for methylation and cutting. 
E)  type II enzymes are found only in Gram-positive bacteria.

Question 9

Phages that carry host DNA are called transducing particles. Describe how the Salmonella P22 phage accidentally packages host DNA.

Accepted Answer

The Salmonella P22 phage replicates via

Question 10

Consider a culture of 1,000 cells. Each cell divides once to yield a total of 2,000 cells. A measurement of the mutation rate in this culture would be based on the total number of

Accepted Answer

A)  2,000 cells. 
B)  genes in the bacterium. 
C)  generations, which in this case is one. 
D)  cell divisions, which is 1,000. 
E)  mutations found in that culture. 
A)  2,000 cells. 
B)  genes in the bacterium. 
C)  generations, which in this case is one. 
D)  cell divisions, which is 1,000. 
E)  mutations found in that culture.

Question 11

Describe a frameshift mutation in terms of insertions and deletions. Does an insertion always result in a frameshift mutation? Will an insertion always render the gene product nonfunctional?

Accepted Answer

The ribosome reads the message one codon

Question 12

During conjugation, the DNA passes through the ________, NOT the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  membranes; pilus 
B)  pilus; membranes 
C)  pilus; phage 
D)  phage; pilus 
E)  F factor; phage 
A)  membranes; pilus 
B)  pilus; membranes 
C)  pilus; phage 
D)  phage; pilus 
E)  F factor; phage

Question 13

The transformasome necessary for cell competency in Gram-positive bacteria is regulated using which of the following methods?

Accepted Answer

A)  an alternative sigma factor to transcribe the necessary genes 
B)  a repressor protein to keep the genes turned off 
C)  induction in the presence of fertility factors 
D)  each gene has an attenuator 
E)  use of a restriction-modification system 
A)  an alternative sigma factor to transcribe the necessary genes 
B)  a repressor protein to keep the genes turned off 
C)  induction in the presence of fertility factors 
D)  each gene has an attenuator 
E)  use of a restriction-modification system

Question 14

Outline any three characteristics of the human gastrointestinal tract that makes it an ideal environment for genetic exchange.

Accepted Answer

Any of the following are acceptable:
The

Question 15

Knockout mutations can include ________ mutations and ________ mutations.

Accepted Answer

A)  gain of function; loss of function 
B)  gain of function; missense 
C)  frameshift; nonsense 
D)  silent; nonsense 
E)  silent; missense 
A)  gain of function; loss of function 
B)  gain of function; missense 
C)  frameshift; nonsense 
D)  silent; nonsense 
E)  silent; missense

Question 16

Define a pseudogene and what it is thought to represent.

Accepted Answer

A pseudogene is a gene that is somewhat

Question 17

Genomes are considered to be mosaic. Which of the following statements provides the LEAST support for this idea?

Accepted Answer

A)  E. coli can receive plasmids from other strains of Gram-negative bacteria. 
B)  The archaeon Methanocaldococcus jannaschii has many proteins with sequence homology to proteins found in both bacteria and eukarya. 
C)  Agrobacterium can transfer plasmids to plants. 
D)  Genome sequencing and informatics has revealed a variety of homologous genes throughout the domains of life. 
E)  Genes from Mesorhizobium loti have been found in other new species of Mesorhizobium. 
A)  E. coli can receive plasmids from other strains of Gram-negative bacteria. 
B)  The archaeon Methanocaldococcus jannaschii has many proteins with sequence homology to proteins found in both bacteria and eukarya. 
C)  Agrobacterium can transfer plasmids to plants. 
D)  Genome sequencing and informatics has revealed a variety of homologous genes throughout the domains of life. 
E)  Genes from Mesorhizobium loti have been found in other new species of Mesorhizobium.

Question 18

Consider a semipermeable membrane that allows molecules such as DNA and proteins to pass through to the other side. This membrane is not permeable to structures such as ribosomes, viruses, and cells. The following tubes are set up with membrane in between the two compartments in each tube. Tube 1. Cells, both donors and recipients, on both sides of the membrane
Tube 2. Bacteriophage on one side of the membrane and recipient cells on the other
Tube 3. DNA on one side and recipient cells on the other side
In which of these tubes would you see a genetic process, and what is the name of that process?

Accepted Answer

A)  Tube 1; conjugation 
B)  Tube 2; conjugation 
C)  Tube 3; conjugation 
D)  Tube 3; transduction 
E)  Tube 3; transformation 
A)  Tube 1; conjugation 
B)  Tube 2; conjugation 
C)  Tube 3; conjugation 
D)  Tube 3; transduction 
E)  Tube 3; transformation

Question 19

Which of the following is evidence of gene reduction?

Accepted Answer

A)  altered GC content 
B)  different codon usage 
C)  pseudogenes 
D)  genomic islands 
E)  transposons 
A)  altered GC content 
B)  different codon usage 
C)  pseudogenes 
D)  genomic islands 
E)  transposons

Question 20

Bacteria have developed a "Halt! Who goes there?" approach to gene exchange to prevent unrestricted incorporation of DNA into the cell. It is called ________ and ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  conjugation; recombination 
B)  transformation; transposition 
C)  restriction; modification 
D)  transduction; Hfr 
E)  mobilizable; F plasmid 
A)  conjugation; recombination 
B)  transformation; transposition 
C)  restriction; modification 
D)  transduction; Hfr 
E)  mobilizable; F plasmid

Exam 9: Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Competence in Gram-positive organisms is induced by

Newly replicated, and consequently ________, DNA sequences are invisible to a restriction enzyme.

Which of the following mutagens does NOT cause point mutations?

In the figure below, which type(s) of mutation(s) is/are introducing frameshifts? A. B. C. D. E.

In the figure shown below, product A is the result of ________ and product B is the result of ________.

During conjugation, DNA pol ________ is used for replication beginning at ________.

Describe the purpose of an Ames revision test and how it is performed.

A difference between type II restriction enzyme and type I or type III restriction enzymes is that

Phages that carry host DNA are called transducing particles. Describe how the Salmonella P22 phage accidentally packages host DNA.

Consider a culture of 1,000 cells. Each cell divides once to yield a total of 2,000 cells. A measurement of the mutation rate in this culture would be based on the total number of

Describe a frameshift mutation in terms of insertions and deletions. Does an insertion always result in a frameshift mutation? Will an insertion always render the gene product nonfunctional?

During conjugation, the DNA passes through the ________, NOT the ________.

The transformasome necessary for cell competency in Gram-positive bacteria is regulated using which of the following methods?

Outline any three characteristics of the human gastrointestinal tract that makes it an ideal environment for genetic exchange.

Knockout mutations can include ________ mutations and ________ mutations.

Define a pseudogene and what it is thought to represent.

Genomes are considered to be mosaic. Which of the following statements provides the LEAST support for this idea?

Which of the following is evidence of gene reduction?

Bacteria have developed a "Halt! Who goes there?" approach to gene exchange to prevent unrestricted incorporation of DNA into the cell. It is called ________ and ________.

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

Filters

In the figure shown below, product A is the result of and product B is the result of .

During conjugation, DNA pol is used for replication beginning at .

During conjugation, the DNA passes through the , NOT the .

Knockout mutations can include mutations and mutations.

Bacteria have developed a "Halt! Who goes there?" approach to gene exchange to prevent unrestricted incorporation of DNA into the cell. It is called and .