Question 1

The osmolarity of the medullary interstitial fluid always equilibrates with the descending limb of the loop of Henle.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

The ____ establish the medullary vertical osmotic gradient by means of countercurrent multiplication.

Accepted Answer

A)  loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons 
B)  loops of Henle of cortical nephrons 
C)  vasa recta of juxtamedullary nephrons 
D)  vasa recta of cortical nephrons 
E)  vasopressin-secreting cells 
A)  loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons 
B)  loops of Henle of cortical nephrons 
C)  vasa recta of juxtamedullary nephrons 
D)  vasa recta of cortical nephrons 
E)  vasopressin-secreting cells

Question 3

When tubular fluid enters the distal tubule, it is hypotonic.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Extrinsic control of the GFR

Accepted Answer

A)  is mediated by sympathetic nervous system input to the afferent arterioles 
B)  is aimed at the regulation of arterial blood pressure 
C)  does not require a special mechanism but occurs as part of the baroreceptor reflex 
D)  decreases the GFR 
E)  all of these 
A)  is mediated by sympathetic nervous system input to the afferent arterioles 
B)  is aimed at the regulation of arterial blood pressure 
C)  does not require a special mechanism but occurs as part of the baroreceptor reflex 
D)  decreases the GFR 
E)  all of these

Question 5

Which of the following is involved in autoregulation of the GFR?

Accepted Answer

A)  a myogenic mechanism in which the afferent arteriole automatically constricts when it is stretched 
B)  a tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism in which vasoactive chemicals released from the juxtaglomerular apparatus bring about afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction 
C)  sympathetically induced vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles 
D)  a myogenic mechanism in which the afferent arteriole automatically constricts when it is stretched, and a tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism in which vasoactive chemicals released from the juxtaglomerular apparatus bring about afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction 
E)  none of these 
A)  a myogenic mechanism in which the afferent arteriole automatically constricts when it is stretched 
B)  a tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism in which vasoactive chemicals released from the juxtaglomerular apparatus bring about afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction 
C)  sympathetically induced vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles 
D)  a myogenic mechanism in which the afferent arteriole automatically constricts when it is stretched, and a tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism in which vasoactive chemicals released from the juxtaglomerular apparatus bring about afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction 
E)  none of these

Question 6

All of the plasma that enters the glomerulus is normally filtered into Bowman's capsule except for the plasma proteins.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

The secretion of aldosterone stimulates the tubular reabsorption of sodium and the tubular secretion of potassium.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Which statement about the medullary vertical osmotic gradient is incorrect?

Accepted Answer

A)  The loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons establish a medullary vertical osmotic gradient by means of countercurrent multiplication. 
B)  The vasa recta enable the medulla to be supplied with blood while conserving the medullary vertical osmotic gradient by means of countercurrent exchange. 
C)  The countercurrent system establishes and maintains a medullary vertical osmotic gradient ranging from 300 to 1,200 mOsm/liter. 
D)  The collecting tubules of the juxtamedullary nephrons, but not the cortical nephrons, descend through the medullary vertical osmotic gradient before emptying into the renal pelvis. 
E)  The medullary vertical osmotic gradient permits excretion of urine of differing concentrations by means of vasopressin-controlled, variable H2O reabsorption from the final tubular segments. 
A)  The loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons establish a medullary vertical osmotic gradient by means of countercurrent multiplication. 
B)  The vasa recta enable the medulla to be supplied with blood while conserving the medullary vertical osmotic gradient by means of countercurrent exchange. 
C)  The countercurrent system establishes and maintains a medullary vertical osmotic gradient ranging from 300 to 1,200 mOsm/liter. 
D)  The collecting tubules of the juxtamedullary nephrons, but not the cortical nephrons, descend through the medullary vertical osmotic gradient before emptying into the renal pelvis. 
E)  The medullary vertical osmotic gradient permits excretion of urine of differing concentrations by means of vasopressin-controlled, variable H2O reabsorption from the final tubular segments.

Question 9

Tubular reabsorption

Accepted Answer

A)  involves the movement of substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid 
B)  involves the movement of substances from the tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries 
C)  is considered to be active if any one of the five steps of transepithelial transport is active 
D)  involves the movement of substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid and is considered to be active if any one of the five steps of transepithelial transport is active 
E)  involves the movement of substances from the tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries and is considered to be active if any one of the five steps of transepithelial transport is active 
A)  involves the movement of substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid 
B)  involves the movement of substances from the tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries 
C)  is considered to be active if any one of the five steps of transepithelial transport is active 
D)  involves the movement of substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid and is considered to be active if any one of the five steps of transepithelial transport is active 
E)  involves the movement of substances from the tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries and is considered to be active if any one of the five steps of transepithelial transport is active

Question 10

Complete each of the following statments.
GFR = ____________________ x ____________________.

Accepted Answer

Kf, net fi

Question 11

The epithelial lining of the bladder passively stretches to accommodate a larger volume during bladder filling.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion are highly selective processes, whereas glomerular filtration is not.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

The glomerular filtration rate

Accepted Answer

A)  averages 125 ml/min 
B)  averages 75 liters/day 
C)  represents 60 to 65 percent of the cardiac output 
D)  is less than the rate of renal reabsorption 
E)  all of these 
A)  averages 125 ml/min 
B)  averages 75 liters/day 
C)  represents 60 to 65 percent of the cardiac output 
D)  is less than the rate of renal reabsorption 
E)  all of these

Question 14

Which of the following factors would decrease the GFR?

Accepted Answer

A)  a fall in plasma protein concentration 
B)  an obstruction such as a kidney stone in the tubular system, which increases Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure 
C)  vasodilation of the afferent arterioles 
D)  a fall in plasma protein concentration and vasodilation of the afferent arterioles 
E)  none of these 
A)  a fall in plasma protein concentration 
B)  an obstruction such as a kidney stone in the tubular system, which increases Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure 
C)  vasodilation of the afferent arterioles 
D)  a fall in plasma protein concentration and vasodilation of the afferent arterioles 
E)  none of these

Question 15

Which of the following is not a step in transepithelial transport?

Accepted Answer

A)  movement of the substance through the cytosol of the tubular cell 
B)  movement of the substance across the glomerular capillary wall 
C)  movement of the substance across the luminal membrane of the tubular cell 
D)  movement of the substance through the interstitial fluid 
E)  movement of the substance across the basolateral membrane of the tubular cell 
A)  movement of the substance through the cytosol of the tubular cell 
B)  movement of the substance across the glomerular capillary wall 
C)  movement of the substance across the luminal membrane of the tubular cell 
D)  movement of the substance through the interstitial fluid 
E)  movement of the substance across the basolateral membrane of the tubular cell

Question 16

The driving force for H2O reabsorption across all permeable segments of the kidney tubule is an osmotic gradient.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is where

Accepted Answer

A)  NaCl passively leaves the tubular fluid down its concentration gradient. 
B)  NaCl is actively transported into the interstitial fluid, leaving water behind because the tubular cells are not permeable to water. 
C)  K+ is secreted. 
D)  Aldosterone stimulates Na+ reabsorption. 
E)  None of these. 
A)  NaCl passively leaves the tubular fluid down its concentration gradient. 
B)  NaCl is actively transported into the interstitial fluid, leaving water behind because the tubular cells are not permeable to water. 
C)  K+ is secreted. 
D)  Aldosterone stimulates Na+ reabsorption. 
E)  None of these.

Question 18

Which of the following is a potential consequence of kidney disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  cardiac disturbances 
B)  skeletal abnormalities 
C)  anemia 
D)  acidosis 
E)  all of these 
A)  cardiac disturbances 
B)  skeletal abnormalities 
C)  anemia 
D)  acidosis 
E)  all of these

Question 19

Select the incorrect statement about ADH.

Accepted Answer

A)  It is also called vasopressin. 
B)  It is not secreted if the body consumes large amounts of water. 
C)  It is produced by the distal convoluted tubule. 
D)  It is secreted if the body fluids become hypertonic. 
E)  It stimulates reabsorption of water. 
A)  It is also called vasopressin. 
B)  It is not secreted if the body consumes large amounts of water. 
C)  It is produced by the distal convoluted tubule. 
D)  It is secreted if the body fluids become hypertonic. 
E)  It stimulates reabsorption of water.

Question 20

Vasopressin

Accepted Answer

A)  is produced in the hypothalamus 
B)  increases the permeability of the distal and collecting tubules to water 
C)  secretion is stimulated by a water deficit in the body 
D)  promotes water reabsorption 
E)  all of these 
A)  is produced in the hypothalamus 
B)  increases the permeability of the distal and collecting tubules to water 
C)  secretion is stimulated by a water deficit in the body 
D)  promotes water reabsorption 
E)  all of these

Exam 14: A--The Urinary System

The osmolarity of the medullary interstitial fluid always equilibrates with the descending limb of the loop of Henle.

The ____ establish the medullary vertical osmotic gradient by means of countercurrent multiplication.

When tubular fluid enters the distal tubule, it is hypotonic.

Extrinsic control of the GFR

Which of the following is involved in autoregulation of the GFR?

All of the plasma that enters the glomerulus is normally filtered into Bowman's capsule except for the plasma proteins.

The secretion of aldosterone stimulates the tubular reabsorption of sodium and the tubular secretion of potassium.

Which statement about the medullary vertical osmotic gradient is incorrect?

Tubular reabsorption

Complete each of the following statments. GFR = ____________________ x ____________________.

The epithelial lining of the bladder passively stretches to accommodate a larger volume during bladder filling.

Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion are highly selective processes, whereas glomerular filtration is not.

The glomerular filtration rate

Which of the following factors would decrease the GFR?

Which of the following is not a step in transepithelial transport?

The driving force for H2O reabsorption across all permeable segments of the kidney tubule is an osmotic gradient.

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is where

Which of the following is a potential consequence of kidney disease?

Select the incorrect statement about ADH.

Vasopressin

Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis

Cell Physiology

The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication

A--The Central Nervous System

B--The Central Nervous System

A--The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division; Special Senses

B--The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division; Special Senses

The Peripheral Nervous System: Efferent Division

A--Muscle Physiology

B--Muscle Physiology

A--Cardiac Physiology

B--Cardiac Physiology

The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure

The Blood

Body Defenses

A--The Respiratory System

B--The Respiratory System

B--The Urinary System

A--Fluid and Acid-Base Balance

B--Fluid and Acid-Base Balance

A--The Digestive System

B--The Digestive System

Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation

A--Principles of Endocrinology: the Central Endocrine Glands

B--Principles of Endocrinology: the Central Endocrine Glands

A--The Peripheral Endocrine Glands

B--The Peripheral Endocrine Glands

A--The Reproductive System

B--The Reproductive System

Filters

Complete each of the following statments. GFR = x .

The driving force for H₂O reabsorption across all permeable segments of the kidney tubule is an osmotic gradient.