Question 1

This compound is L-glyceraldehyde. Describe a stereochemically correct representation of C-1 and C-2 of D-glucose.

Accepted Answer

The answer of This compound is L-glyceraldehyde. Describe a stereochemically...

Question 2

Starch and glycogen are both polymers of:

Accepted Answer

A)  fructose. 
B)  glucose1-phosphate. 
C)  sucrose. 
D)  $\alpha$-D-glucose. 
E)   $\beta$-D-glucose. 
A)  fructose. 
B)  glucose1-phosphate. 
C)  sucrose. 
D)  $\alpha$-D-glucose. 
E)   $\beta$-D-glucose.

Question 3

Following complete hydrolysis of a sample of glycogen and a sample of cellulose, which statement must be TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  The glycogen sample is more soluble than the cellulose sample. 
B)  The cellulose sample is more soluble than the glycogen sample. 
C)  Both samples consist of a mixture of $\alpha$-D-glucose and $\beta$-D-glucose. 
D)  The glycogen sample has a higher ratio of $\alpha$-D-glucose than the cellulose sample. 
E)  The cellulose sample contains only $\beta$-D-glucose. 
A)  The glycogen sample is more soluble than the cellulose sample. 
B)  The cellulose sample is more soluble than the glycogen sample. 
C)  Both samples consist of a mixture of $\alpha$-D-glucose and $\beta$-D-glucose. 
D)  The glycogen sample has a higher ratio of $\alpha$-D-glucose than the cellulose sample. 
E)  The cellulose sample contains only $\beta$-D-glucose.

Question 4

What is the CORRECT name for the linkage between these monosaccharide derivatives?

Accepted Answer

A)  ($\alpha$1$\rightarrow$ 4) 
B)  ($\beta$1$\rightarrow$ 4) 
C)  (1 4) 
D)  ($\alpha$1$\rightarrow$ $\beta$4) 
E)  ($\alpha$1$\rightarrow$ $\alpha$4) 
A)  ($\alpha$1$\rightarrow$ 4) 
B)  ($\beta$1$\rightarrow$ 4) 
C)  (1 4) 
D)  ($\alpha$1$\rightarrow$ $\beta$4) 
E)  ($\alpha$1$\rightarrow$ $\alpha$4)

Question 5

Which statement provides the MOST compelling reason to devote resources to study cellulose-degrading enzymes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Humans could use cellulose as a food source. 
B)  Biomass could be converted to crude oil under high pressure. 
C)  Symbiotic microorganisms in digestive tracts could be used as treatments in some GI tract diseases. 
D)  Biomass could be converted more easily to bioenergy. 
E)  None of the answers is correct. 
A)  Humans could use cellulose as a food source. 
B)  Biomass could be converted to crude oil under high pressure. 
C)  Symbiotic microorganisms in digestive tracts could be used as treatments in some GI tract diseases. 
D)  Biomass could be converted more easily to bioenergy. 
E)  None of the answers is correct.

Question 6

Which compound(s) is/are a dominant feature of the outer membrane of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A)  amylose 
B)  cellulose 
C)  glycoproteins 
D)  lipopolysaccharides 
E)  lipoproteins 
A)  amylose 
B)  cellulose 
C)  glycoproteins 
D)  lipopolysaccharides 
E)  lipoproteins

Question 7

Under what circumstance might an organism's patterns of glycosylation NOT be altered?

Accepted Answer

A)  development 
B)  genetic diseases 
C)  cancer 
D)  cell differentiation 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  development 
B)  genetic diseases 
C)  cancer 
D)  cell differentiation 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 8

What strategy do cells use to overcome the modest affinity between an oligosaccharide and an individual CBD of a lectin?

Accepted Answer

A)  lectin multivalency 
B)  expressing multiple lectin receptors 
C)  placing multiple CBDs on a single lectin molecule 
D)  both lectin multivalency and placing multiple CBDs on a single lectin molecule 
E)  lectin multivalency, expressing multiple lectin receptors, and placing multiple CBDs on a single lectin molecule 
A)  lectin multivalency 
B)  expressing multiple lectin receptors 
C)  placing multiple CBDs on a single lectin molecule 
D)  both lectin multivalency and placing multiple CBDs on a single lectin molecule 
E)  lectin multivalency, expressing multiple lectin receptors, and placing multiple CBDs on a single lectin molecule

Question 9

A glycoconjugate molecule may include a carbohydrate as well as:

Accepted Answer

A)  an amino acid. 
B)  a lipid. 
C)  a saccharide. 
D)  both an amino acid and a lipid. 
E)  an amino acid, a lipid, and a saccharide. 
A)  an amino acid. 
B)  a lipid. 
C)  a saccharide. 
D)  both an amino acid and a lipid. 
E)  an amino acid, a lipid, and a saccharide.

Question 10

Categorize each of the following as an aldose, a ketose, or neither.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Categorize each of the following as an...

Question 11

Explain the significance and use of the plot shown in the figure below.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain the significance and use of the...

Question 12

Which type of protein interaction is NOT one with the NS domains of heparan sulfate?

Accepted Answer

A)  conformational activation 
B)  cell-surface localization/concentration 
C)  enhanced protein-protein interaction 
D)  binding extracellular signaling molecules 
E)  All of the answer choices are types of protein interaction with heparan sulfate. 
A)  conformational activation 
B)  cell-surface localization/concentration 
C)  enhanced protein-protein interaction 
D)  binding extracellular signaling molecules 
E)  All of the answer choices are types of protein interaction with heparan sulfate.

Question 13

Which reason is the MOST plausible for why most hexoses of living organisms are D isomers?

Accepted Answer

A)  D isomers are more energetically favorable. 
B)  D isomers are also used by amino acids. 
C)  Sugars must be opposite isomers from amino acids. 
D)  Evolving enzymes were made to remain with an initial preference. 
E)  Evolving enzymes switch preference often to find the best isomer. 
A)  D isomers are more energetically favorable. 
B)  D isomers are also used by amino acids. 
C)  Sugars must be opposite isomers from amino acids. 
D)  Evolving enzymes were made to remain with an initial preference. 
E)  Evolving enzymes switch preference often to find the best isomer.

Question 14

The difference in interchain stability between the polysaccharides glycogen and cellulose is due to:

Accepted Answer

A)  the different glycosidic linkages of the molecules. 
B)  the different hydrogen bonding partners of the individual chains. 
C)  the incorporation of complex ions in the three dimensional structures of both polysaccharides. 
D)  both the different glycosidic linkages of the molecules and the different hydrogen bonding partners of the individual chains. 
E)  None of the answers is correct. 
A)  the different glycosidic linkages of the molecules. 
B)  the different hydrogen bonding partners of the individual chains. 
C)  the incorporation of complex ions in the three dimensional structures of both polysaccharides. 
D)  both the different glycosidic linkages of the molecules and the different hydrogen bonding partners of the individual chains. 
E)  None of the answers is correct.

Question 15

Which compound is NOT a reducing sugar?

Accepted Answer

A)  fructose 
B)  glucose 
C)  glyceraldehyde 
D)  ribose 
E)  sucrose 
A)  fructose 
B)  glucose 
C)  glyceraldehyde 
D)  ribose 
E)  sucrose

Question 16

When the linear form of glucose cyclizes, the product is a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  anhydride. 
B)  glycoside. 
C)  hemiacetal. 
D)  lactone. 
E)  oligosaccharide. 
A)  anhydride. 
B)  glycoside. 
C)  hemiacetal. 
D)  lactone. 
E)  oligosaccharide.

Question 17

Polysaccharides CANNOT be used by cells:

Accepted Answer

A)  as fuel storage molecules. 
B)  for structural elements in cell walls. 
C)  for structural elements in animal exoskeletons. 
D)  for the extracellular matrix in animal cells. 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  as fuel storage molecules. 
B)  for structural elements in cell walls. 
C)  for structural elements in animal exoskeletons. 
D)  for the extracellular matrix in animal cells. 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 18

Assuming 20 common amino acids and 20 different monosaccharide subunits that are available for construction of polypeptides and oligosaccharides, respectively, compare the possible variations of these macromolecules using a hypothetical hexameric oligomer.

Accepted Answer

A)  206 possible variations for both polypeptides and oligosaccharides 
B)  620 variations for both polypeptide and oligosaccharides 
C)  206 variations for polypeptides and orders of magnitude greater for oligosaccharides 
D)  206 variations for oligosaccharides and orders of magnitude greater for polypeptides 
E)  It cannot be determined from the information given. 
A)  206 possible variations for both polypeptides and oligosaccharides 
B)  620 variations for both polypeptide and oligosaccharides 
C)  206 variations for polypeptides and orders of magnitude greater for oligosaccharides 
D)  206 variations for oligosaccharides and orders of magnitude greater for polypeptides 
E)  It cannot be determined from the information given.

Question 19

_____ are secreted or membrane proteins that contain large numbers of O-linked oligosaccharide chains.

Accepted Answer

A)  Gangliosides 
B)  Mucins 
C)  Glycins 
D)  Aminoglycans 
E)  Immunoglobulins 
A)  Gangliosides 
B)  Mucins 
C)  Glycins 
D)  Aminoglycans 
E)  Immunoglobulins

Question 20

The number of structurally different polysaccharides that can be made with 20 different monosaccharides is far greater than the number of different polypeptides that can be made with 20 different amino acids if both polymers contain an equal number (say 100) of total residues. Explain why.

Accepted Answer

The number of structurally different pol

Exam 7: Carbohydrates and Glycobiology

This compound is L-glyceraldehyde. Describe a stereochemically correct representation of C-1 and C-2 of D-glucose.

Starch and glycogen are both polymers of:

Following complete hydrolysis of a sample of glycogen and a sample of cellulose, which statement must be TRUE?

What is the CORRECT name for the linkage between these monosaccharide derivatives?

Which statement provides the MOST compelling reason to devote resources to study cellulose-degrading enzymes?

Which compound(s) is/are a dominant feature of the outer membrane of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria?

Under what circumstance might an organism's patterns of glycosylation NOT be altered?

What strategy do cells use to overcome the modest affinity between an oligosaccharide and an individual CBD of a lectin?

A glycoconjugate molecule may include a carbohydrate as well as:

Categorize each of the following as an aldose, a ketose, or neither.

Explain the significance and use of the plot shown in the figure below.

Which type of protein interaction is NOT one with the NS domains of heparan sulfate?

Which reason is the MOST plausible for why most hexoses of living organisms are D isomers?

The difference in interchain stability between the polysaccharides glycogen and cellulose is due to:

Which compound is NOT a reducing sugar?

When the linear form of glucose cyclizes, the product is a(n):

Polysaccharides CANNOT be used by cells:

Assuming 20 common amino acids and 20 different monosaccharide subunits that are available for construction of polypeptides and oligosaccharides, respectively, compare the possible variations of these macromolecules using a hypothetical hexameric oligomer.

_____ are secreted or membrane proteins that contain large numbers of O-linked oligosaccharide chains.

The number of structurally different polysaccharides that can be made with 20 different monosaccharides is far greater than the number of different polypeptides that can be made with 20 different amino acids if both polymers contain an equal number (say 100) of total residues. Explain why.

The Foundations of Biochemistry

Water

Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins

Protein Function

Enzymes

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

DNA-Based Information Technologies

Lipids

Biological Membranes and Transport

Biosignaling

Bioenergetics and Biochemical Reaction Types

Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Principles of Metabolic Regulation

The Citric Acid Cycle

Fatty Acid Catabolism

Amino Acid Oxidation and the Production of Urea

Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation

Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plants and Bacteria

Lipid Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and Related Molecules

Hormonal Regulation and Integration of Mammalian Metabolism

Genes and Chromosomes

DNA Metabolism

RNA Metabolism

Protein Metabolism

Regulation of Gene Expression

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