Question 1

Which of the following are components of the body's nonbicarbonate buffer system?
I.hemoglobin
II.plasma proteins
III.organic phosphates
IV.inorganic phosphates

Accepted Answer

A) I, II, and III 
B) II and IV 
C) III only 
D) I, II, III, and IV 
A) I, II, and III 
B) II and IV 
C) III only 
D) I, II, III, and IV

Question 2

Fixed acids are produced primarily from the catabolism of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) carbohydrates 
B) fats 
C) proteins 
D) simple sugars 
A) carbohydrates 
B) fats 
C) proteins 
D) simple sugars

Question 3

Primary metabolic alkalosis is associated with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) gain of buffer base 
B) gain in fixed acids 
C) low blood CO2 levels 
D) diabetic crisis 
A) gain of buffer base 
B) gain in fixed acids 
C) low blood CO2 levels 
D) diabetic crisis

Question 4

Which organ system maintains the normal level of HCO3- at 24 mEq/L?

Accepted Answer

A) liver 
B) lung 
C) renal 
D) spleen 
A) liver 
B) lung 
C) renal 
D) spleen

Question 5

What is the primary chemical event in metabolic alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

A) decrease in blood CO2 levels 
B) decrease in blood HCO3- levels 
C) increase in blood CO2 levels 
D) increase in blood HCO3- levels 
A) decrease in blood CO2 levels 
B) decrease in blood HCO3- levels 
C) increase in blood CO2 levels 
D) increase in blood HCO3- levels

Question 6

An ABG result shows the pH to be 7.56 and the HCO3- to be 23 mEq/L. Which of the following is the most likely disorder?

Accepted Answer

A) metabolic acidosis 
B) metabolic alkalosis 
C) respiratory acidosis 
D) respiratory alkalosis 
A) metabolic acidosis 
B) metabolic alkalosis 
C) respiratory acidosis 
D) respiratory alkalosis

Question 7

Why is the bicarbonate buffer system considered an open buffer system?

Accepted Answer

A) As the major blood and body buffer system, it is open by definition. 
B) It operates only in the extracellular fluid, avoiding cell closure. 
C) Its acid (carbonic acid) is converted to CO2 and removed. 
D) Its chemical reactions occur very quickly. 
A) As the major blood and body buffer system, it is open by definition. 
B) It operates only in the extracellular fluid, avoiding cell closure. 
C) Its acid (carbonic acid) is converted to CO2 and removed. 
D) Its chemical reactions occur very quickly.

Question 8

Acid excretion is shared by which of the following organ systems?
I.kidneys
II.liver
III.lungs

Accepted Answer

A) III only 
B) I and III 
C) II only 
D) I, II, and III 
A) III only 
B) I and III 
C) II only 
D) I, II, and III

Question 9

A decrease in the H+ ion concentration [H+] of the blood caused by a low PaCO2 best describes which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) metabolic acidosis 
B) metabolic alkalosis 
C) respiratory acidosis 
D) respiratory alkalosis 
A) metabolic acidosis 
B) metabolic alkalosis 
C) respiratory acidosis 
D) respiratory alkalosis

Question 10

Metabolic acidosis may be caused by:
I.an increase in fixed (nonvolatile) acids
II.an increase in blood carbon dioxide (CO2)
III.excessive loss of bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Accepted Answer

A) I 
B) I and II 
C) I, II, and III 
D) I and III 
A) I 
B) I and II 
C) I, II, and III 
D) I and III

Question 11

What is the main compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis?

Accepted Answer

A) excretion of HCO3- 
B) hyperventilation 
C) hypoventilation 
D) retention of CO2 
A) excretion of HCO3- 
B) hyperventilation 
C) hypoventilation 
D) retention of CO2

Question 12

In regard to acid excretion by the body, which of the following statements are true?
I .If one system fails, the other can help compensate.
II.The kidneys can only remove fixed acids.
III.The kidneys can quickly remove acid.
IV.The lungs can quickly remove acid.

Accepted Answer

A) I, II, and IV 
B) II and III 
C) IV only 
D) I, II, III, and IV 
A) I, II, and IV 
B) II and III 
C) IV only 
D) I, II, III, and IV

Question 13

A patient who has fully compensated respiratory acidosis becomes severely hypoxic. If her lungs are not too compromised, what might her gases now appear to be?

Accepted Answer

A) fully compensated metabolic acidosis 
B) fully compensated metabolic alkalosis 
C) fully compensated respiratory alkalosis 
D) no change 
A) fully compensated metabolic acidosis 
B) fully compensated metabolic alkalosis 
C) fully compensated respiratory alkalosis 
D) no change

Question 14

Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, determine the accuracy of the gas below. To be considered accurate, it must be within 0.03 pH unit.pH = 7.22, PCO2 = 49 mm Hg, HCO3- = 20 mEq/L

Accepted Answer

A) This gas is completely accurate. 
B) This gas is accurate as the calculated pH is 7.23. 
C) This gas is accurate as the calculated pH is 7.20. 
D) This gas is inaccurate according to the H-H equation. 
A) This gas is completely accurate. 
B) This gas is accurate as the calculated pH is 7.23. 
C) This gas is accurate as the calculated pH is 7.20. 
D) This gas is inaccurate according to the H-H equation.

Question 15

A patient with a measured plasma HCO3- concentration of 24 mmol/L has an episode of acute hypoventilation, with the PCO2 rising from 40 to 70 mm Hg. What do you predict will happen acutely to the plasma HCO3- concentration?

Accepted Answer

A) HCO3-will remain unchanged. 
B) HCO3- will rise to about 27 to 28 mmol/L. 
C) HCO3- will fall to about 20 to 21 mmol/L. 
D) HCO3- will rise to about 54 to 55 mmol/L. 
A) HCO3-will remain unchanged. 
B) HCO3- will rise to about 27 to 28 mmol/L. 
C) HCO3- will fall to about 20 to 21 mmol/L. 
D) HCO3- will rise to about 54 to 55 mmol/L.

Question 16

An ABG result shows pH of 7.35, PaCO2 of 30 mm Hg, and HCO3-of 18 mEq/L. Which of the following is the patient's most likely primary disorder?

Accepted Answer

A) metabolic acidosis 
B) metabolic alkalosis 
C) respiratory acidosis 
D) respiratory alkalosis 
A) metabolic acidosis 
B) metabolic alkalosis 
C) respiratory acidosis 
D) respiratory alkalosis

Question 17

What is the normal range for BE?

Accepted Answer

A) ±2 mEq/L 
B) ±4 mEq/L 
C) ±6 mEq/L 
D) ±24 mEq/L 
A) ±2 mEq/L 
B) ±4 mEq/L 
C) ±6 mEq/L 
D) ±24 mEq/L

Question 18

In order to eliminate the influence of PCO2 changes on plasma HCO3-concentrations, what additional measures of the metabolic component of acid-base balance can be used?

Accepted Answer

A) HCO3- 
B) hemoglobin content (Hb; g/dL) 
C) Henderson-Hasselbalch equation 
D) standard bicarbonate 
A) HCO3- 
B) hemoglobin content (Hb; g/dL) 
C) Henderson-Hasselbalch equation 
D) standard bicarbonate

Question 19

Which organ system actually excretes H+ from the body?

Accepted Answer

A) kidneys 
B) liver 
C) lungs 
D) spleen 
A) kidneys 
B) liver 
C) lungs 
D) spleen

Question 20

Discounting K+, what is a normal anion gap range?

Accepted Answer

A) 3 to 5 mEq/L 
B) 6 to 8 mEq/L 
C) 9 to 14 mEq/L 
D) 24 to 26 mEq/L 
A) 3 to 5 mEq/L 
B) 6 to 8 mEq/L 
C) 9 to 14 mEq/L 
D) 24 to 26 mEq/L

Exam 13: Acid-Base Balance

Which of the following are components of the body's nonbicarbonate buffer system? I.hemoglobin II.plasma proteins III.organic phosphates IV.inorganic phosphates

Fixed acids are produced primarily from the catabolism of which of the following?

Primary metabolic alkalosis is associated with which of the following?

Which organ system maintains the normal level of HCO3- at 24 mEq/L?

What is the primary chemical event in metabolic alkalosis?

An ABG result shows the pH to be 7.56 and the HCO3- to be 23 mEq/L. Which of the following is the most likely disorder?

Why is the bicarbonate buffer system considered an open buffer system?

Acid excretion is shared by which of the following organ systems? I.kidneys II.liver III.lungs

A decrease in the H+ ion concentration [H+] of the blood caused by a low PaCO2 best describes which of the following?

Metabolic acidosis may be caused by: I.an increase in fixed (nonvolatile) acids II.an increase in blood carbon dioxide (CO2) III.excessive loss of bicarbonate (HCO3-)

What is the main compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis?

In regard to acid excretion by the body, which of the following statements are true? I .If one system fails, the other can help compensate. II.The kidneys can only remove fixed acids. III.The kidneys can quickly remove acid. IV.The lungs can quickly remove acid.

A patient who has fully compensated respiratory acidosis becomes severely hypoxic. If her lungs are not too compromised, what might her gases now appear to be?

Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, determine the accuracy of the gas below. To be considered accurate, it must be within 0.03 pH unit.pH = 7.22, PCO2 = 49 mm Hg, HCO3- = 20 mEq/L

A patient with a measured plasma HCO3- concentration of 24 mmol/L has an episode of acute hypoventilation, with the PCO2 rising from 40 to 70 mm Hg. What do you predict will happen acutely to the plasma HCO3- concentration?

An ABG result shows pH of 7.35, PaCO2 of 30 mm Hg, and HCO3-of 18 mEq/L. Which of the following is the patient's most likely primary disorder?

What is the normal range for BE?

In order to eliminate the influence of PCO2 changes on plasma HCO3-concentrations, what additional measures of the metabolic component of acid-base balance can be used?

Which organ system actually excretes H+ from the body?

Discounting K+, what is a normal anion gap range?

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Filters

Which organ system maintains the normal level of HCO₃^- at 24 mEq/L?

An ABG result shows the pH to be 7.56 and the HCO₃^- to be 23 mEq/L. Which of the following is the most likely disorder?

A decrease in the H⁺ ion concentration [H⁺] of the blood caused by a low PaCO₂ best describes which of the following?

Metabolic acidosis may be caused by: I.an increase in fixed (nonvolatile) acids II.an increase in blood carbon dioxide (CO₂) III.excessive loss of bicarbonate (HCO₃^-)

Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, determine the accuracy of the gas below. To be considered accurate, it must be within 0.03 pH unit.pH = 7.22, PCO₂ = 49 mm Hg, HCO₃^- = 20 mEq/L

A patient with a measured plasma HCO₃^- concentration of 24 mmol/L has an episode of acute hypoventilation, with the PCO₂ rising from 40 to 70 mm Hg. What do you predict will happen acutely to the plasma HCO₃^-concentration?

An ABG result shows pH of 7.35, PaCO₂ of 30 mm Hg, and HCO₃^-of 18 mEq/L. Which of the following is the patient's most likely primary disorder?

In order to eliminate the influence of PCO₂ changes on plasma HCO₃^-concentrations, what additional measures of the metabolic component of acid-base balance can be used?

Which organ system actually excretes H⁺ from the body?

Discounting K⁺, what is a normal anion gap range?