Question 1

Central mechanisms cause contraction and increased resistance to blood flow mainly through which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) adrenergic stimulation and the release of norepinephrine 
B) cholinergic stimulation and the release of acetylcholine 
C) cholinergic stimulation and the release of norepinephrine 
D) stimulation of specialized $\alpha$-adrenergic receptors 
A) adrenergic stimulation and the release of norepinephrine 
B) cholinergic stimulation and the release of acetylcholine 
C) cholinergic stimulation and the release of norepinephrine 
D) stimulation of specialized $\alpha$-adrenergic receptors A

Question 2

During blood loss due to hemorrhage, perfusing pressures can be kept near normal until the volume loss overwhelms the system. Why is this so?

Accepted Answer

A) Arteries constrict, increasing vascular resistance. 
B) Arterioles dilate, decreasing vascular capacity. 
C) Muscle vessels dilate, increasing vascular capacity. 
D) Venules constrict, decreasing vascular capacity. 
A) Arteries constrict, increasing vascular resistance. 
B) Arterioles dilate, decreasing vascular capacity. 
C) Muscle vessels dilate, increasing vascular capacity. 
D) Venules constrict, decreasing vascular capacity. D

Question 3

During the normal events of the cardiac cycle, which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A) Electrical depolarization follows mechanical contraction. 
B) Electrical depolarization precedes mechanical contraction. 
C) Heart sounds precede electrical depolarization. 
D) Heart sounds precede cardiac valve opening or closing. 
A) Electrical depolarization follows mechanical contraction. 
B) Electrical depolarization precedes mechanical contraction. 
C) Heart sounds precede electrical depolarization. 
D) Heart sounds precede cardiac valve opening or closing. B

Question 4

Why are the vessels of the venous system, particularly the small venules and veins, termed capacitance vessels?

Accepted Answer

A) They transmit and maintain the head of perfusion pressure. 
B) They can alter their capacity to maintain adequate perfusion. 
C) They determine the afterload on the left ventricle. 
D) They maintain a constant environment for the body's cells. 
A) They transmit and maintain the head of perfusion pressure. 
B) They can alter their capacity to maintain adequate perfusion. 
C) They determine the afterload on the left ventricle. 
D) They maintain a constant environment for the body's cells.

Question 5

Before draining into the right atrium, where do the large veins of the coronary circulation gather together?

Accepted Answer

A) coronary sinus 
B) left posterior coronary vein 
C) right coronary sulcus 
D) thebesian veins 
A) coronary sinus 
B) left posterior coronary vein 
C) right coronary sulcus 
D) thebesian veins

Question 6

The underlying goal of the body's cardiovascular control mechanisms is to ensure that all tissues receive which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) blood flow according to their mass 
B) blood flow according to their size 
C) equivalent amounts of blood flow 
D) perfusion according to their metabolic needs 
A) blood flow according to their mass 
B) blood flow according to their size 
C) equivalent amounts of blood flow 
D) perfusion according to their metabolic needs

Question 7

The branches of the left coronary artery DO NOT supply which area of the heart?

Accepted Answer

A) majority of the interventricular septum 
B) majority of the left ventricle 
C) majority of the left atrium 
D) sinus node 
A) majority of the interventricular septum 
B) majority of the left ventricle 
C) majority of the left atrium 
D) sinus node

Question 8

Tissue layers making up the heart wall include which of the following?
I.endocardium
II.epicardium
III.myocardium

Accepted Answer

A) I, II, and III 
B) II and III 
C) II only 
D) I and III 
A) I, II, and III 
B) II and III 
C) II only 
D) I and III

Question 9

The dicrotic notch recorded in the aorta immediately follows what mechanical event of the cardiac cycle?

Accepted Answer

A) closure of the aortic valve 
B) closure of the atrioventricular valves 
C) isovolume contraction 
D) opening of the aortic valve 
A) closure of the aortic valve 
B) closure of the atrioventricular valves 
C) isovolume contraction 
D) opening of the aortic valve

Question 10

Which of the following mechanisms facilitates venous return to the heart?
I.sodium/potassium pump
II.sympathetic venomotor tone
III.cardiac suction
IV.skeletal muscle contraction

Accepted Answer

A) I and II 
B) II, III, and IV 
C) I, II, III, and IV 
D) III and IV 
A) I and II 
B) II, III, and IV 
C) I, II, III, and IV 
D) III and IV

Question 11

What factor stimulates the carotid and aortic chemoreceptors?

Accepted Answer

A) high carbon dioxide levels 
B) high oxygen levels 
C) high pH levels 
D) high 2,3-DPG levels 
A) high carbon dioxide levels 
B) high oxygen levels 
C) high pH levels 
D) high 2,3-DPG levels

Question 12

The apex of the heart (tip of the left ventricle) lies just above the diaphragm at a level corresponding to which intercostal space?

Accepted Answer

A) fourth 
B) fifth 
C) sixth 
D) seventh 
A) fourth 
B) fifth 
C) sixth 
D) seventh

Question 13

Central control of vasomotor tone has its greatest impact on which of the following vessels?
I.arterioles (resistance vessels)
II.veins (capacitance vessels)
III.microcirculation (exchange vessels)

Accepted Answer

A) II and III 
B) I and II 
C) III only 
D) I, II, and III 
A) II and III 
B) I and II 
C) III only 
D) I, II, and III

Question 14

Where are the central centers responsible for regulating the cardiovascular system located?

Accepted Answer

A) aortic bodies 
B) brainstem 
C) carotid arteries 
D) cerebral hemispheres 
A) aortic bodies 
B) brainstem 
C) carotid arteries 
D) cerebral hemispheres

Question 15

The second heart sound is associated with what mechanical event of the cardiac cycle?

Accepted Answer

A) atrioventricular valve closure 
B) atrioventricular valve opening 
C) semilunar valve closure 
D) semilunar valve opening 
A) atrioventricular valve closure 
B) atrioventricular valve opening 
C) semilunar valve closure 
D) semilunar valve opening

Question 16

The heart's ability to vary stroke volume based solely on changes in end-diastolic volume is based on what mechanism?

Accepted Answer

A) automaticity 
B) autoregulation 
C) Bohr equation 
D) Frank-Starling law 
A) automaticity 
B) autoregulation 
C) Bohr equation 
D) Frank-Starling law

Question 17

Which of the following represent the normal order of structures encountered by blood flowing from the vena cava to the aorta?

Accepted Answer

A) RA, tricuspid valve, RV, pulmonary valve, pulmonary veins, pulmonary artery, LA, mitral valve, LV, aortic valve 
B) RA, tricuspid valve, RV, aortic valve, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, LA, mitral valve, LV, pulmonary valve 
C) RA, tricuspid valve, LV, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, LA, mitral valve, RV, aortic valve 
D) RA, tricuspid valve, RV, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, LA, mitral valve, LV, aortic valve 
A) RA, tricuspid valve, RV, pulmonary valve, pulmonary veins, pulmonary artery, LA, mitral valve, LV, aortic valve 
B) RA, tricuspid valve, RV, aortic valve, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, LA, mitral valve, LV, pulmonary valve 
C) RA, tricuspid valve, LV, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, LA, mitral valve, RV, aortic valve 
D) RA, tricuspid valve, RV, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, LA, mitral valve, LV, aortic valve

Question 18

In order to function effectively, the central cardiovascular control center must receive signals regarding changes in blood volume or pressure. From where do these signals come?

Accepted Answer

A) central chemoreceptors 
B) hypothalamus 
C) peripheral baroreceptors 
D) skeletal muscles 
A) central chemoreceptors 
B) hypothalamus 
C) peripheral baroreceptors 
D) skeletal muscles

Question 19

The first heart sound is associated with what mechanical event of the cardiac cycle?

Accepted Answer

A) atrioventricular valve closure 
B) atrioventricular valve opening 
C) semilunar valve closure 
D) semilunar valve opening 
A) atrioventricular valve closure 
B) atrioventricular valve opening 
C) semilunar valve closure 
D) semilunar valve opening

Question 20

What is an approximate normal resting cardiac output for a healthy adult?

Accepted Answer

A) 75 ml/min 
B) 500 ml/min 
C) 2000 ml/min 
D) 5000 ml/min 
A) 75 ml/min 
B) 500 ml/min 
C) 2000 ml/min 
D) 5000 ml/min

Exam 9: The Cardiovascular System

Central mechanisms cause contraction and increased resistance to blood flow mainly through which of the following?

During blood loss due to hemorrhage, perfusing pressures can be kept near normal until the volume loss overwhelms the system. Why is this so?

During the normal events of the cardiac cycle, which of the following statements is true?

Why are the vessels of the venous system, particularly the small venules and veins, termed capacitance vessels?

Before draining into the right atrium, where do the large veins of the coronary circulation gather together?

The underlying goal of the body's cardiovascular control mechanisms is to ensure that all tissues receive which of the following?

The branches of the left coronary artery DO NOT supply which area of the heart?

Tissue layers making up the heart wall include which of the following? I.endocardium II.epicardium III.myocardium

The dicrotic notch recorded in the aorta immediately follows what mechanical event of the cardiac cycle?

Which of the following mechanisms facilitates venous return to the heart? I.sodium/potassium pump II.sympathetic venomotor tone III.cardiac suction IV.skeletal muscle contraction

What factor stimulates the carotid and aortic chemoreceptors?

The apex of the heart (tip of the left ventricle) lies just above the diaphragm at a level corresponding to which intercostal space?

Central control of vasomotor tone has its greatest impact on which of the following vessels? I.arterioles (resistance vessels) II.veins (capacitance vessels) III.microcirculation (exchange vessels)

Where are the central centers responsible for regulating the cardiovascular system located?

The second heart sound is associated with what mechanical event of the cardiac cycle?

The heart's ability to vary stroke volume based solely on changes in end-diastolic volume is based on what mechanism?

Which of the following represent the normal order of structures encountered by blood flowing from the vena cava to the aorta?

In order to function effectively, the central cardiovascular control center must receive signals regarding changes in blood volume or pressure. From where do these signals come?

The first heart sound is associated with what mechanical event of the cardiac cycle?

What is an approximate normal resting cardiac output for a healthy adult?

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