Question 1

Stimulation of the irritant receptors in the lung can result in which of the following?
I.bronchoconstriction
II.coughing
III.narrowing of the glottis

Accepted Answer

A) I 
B) I and III. 
C) I, II, and III 
D) I and III 
A) I 
B) I and III. 
C) I, II, and III 
D) I and III C

Question 2

What receptors are associated with causing coughing, sneezing, and tachypnea when stimulated?

Accepted Answer

A) irritant receptors 
B) J receptors 
C) muscle spindles 
D) peripheral proprioceptor 
A) irritant receptors 
B) J receptors 
C) muscle spindles 
D) peripheral proprioceptor A

Question 3

Which of the following centers respond more strongly to high levels of CO2?

Accepted Answer

A) aortic chemoreceptors 
B) carotid chemoreceptors 
C) central chemoreceptors 
D) ventral respiratory centers 
A) aortic chemoreceptors 
B) carotid chemoreceptors 
C) central chemoreceptors 
D) ventral respiratory centers C

Question 4

Why does it take about 24 hours for a full ventilatory response to develop to acute hypoxemia?

Accepted Answer

A) Initial cerebrospinal fluid alkalemia blunts the hypoxic ventilatory stimulus. 
B) Peripheral chemoreceptors are slow to respond to decreased blood oxygen levels. 
C) Renal compensation for respiratory alkalosis increases chemoreceptor sensitivity. 
D) A full ventilatory response is not possible until after the muscles become fatigued. 
A) Initial cerebrospinal fluid alkalemia blunts the hypoxic ventilatory stimulus. 
B) Peripheral chemoreceptors are slow to respond to decreased blood oxygen levels. 
C) Renal compensation for respiratory alkalosis increases chemoreceptor sensitivity. 
D) A full ventilatory response is not possible until after the muscles become fatigued.

Question 5

What group of nerve cells senses and responds to changes in the chemical composition of its fluid environment?

Accepted Answer

A) chemoreceptors 
B) Gamma-efferent system 
C) muscle spindle fibers 
D) proprioceptors 
A) chemoreceptors 
B) Gamma-efferent system 
C) muscle spindle fibers 
D) proprioceptors

Question 6

Which respond more rapidly to high levels of CO2?

Accepted Answer

A) aortic chemoreceptors 
B) carotid chemoreceptors 
C) central chemoreceptors 
D) ventral respiratory centers 
A) aortic chemoreceptors 
B) carotid chemoreceptors 
C) central chemoreceptors 
D) ventral respiratory centers

Question 7

What centers are located in the pons of the brain stem?
I.apneustic center
II.dorsal respiratory neurons
III.pneumotaxic center

Accepted Answer

A) I, II, and III 
B) II and III 
C) I and III 
D) I and II 
A) I, II, and III 
B) II and III 
C) I and III 
D) I and II

Question 8

What negative responses can be elicited by suctioning a patient's airway?
I.bradycardia
II.coughing
III.laryngospasm
IV.severe bronchospasm

Accepted Answer

A) I, II, and III 
B) II and IV 
C) III only 
D) I, II, III, and IV 
A) I, II, and III 
B) II and IV 
C) III only 
D) I, II, III, and IV

Question 9

Which of the following causes hypoxic stimulation of the carotid bodies?
I.large decrease in arterial PO2
II.large decrease in oxygen content
III.CO2 poisoning

Accepted Answer

A) I only 
B) I and II 
C) I, II, and III 
D) I and III 
A) I only 
B) I and II 
C) I, II, and III 
D) I and III

Question 10

Which receptors are primarily responsible for the initial increase in ventilation that occurs at the beginning of exercise?

Accepted Answer

A) carotid chemoreceptors 
B) irritant receptors 
C) J receptors 
D) proprioceptors 
A) carotid chemoreceptors 
B) irritant receptors 
C) J receptors 
D) proprioceptors

Question 11

What is the response of a patient with chronic hypercapnia to a sudden acute rise in carbon dioxide?

Accepted Answer

A) In almost all of these patients, there will be no response. 
B) Their drive to breathe will be increased. 
C) This will further depress their respiratory centers. 
D) This will induce apnea and sudden death. 
A) In almost all of these patients, there will be no response. 
B) Their drive to breathe will be increased. 
C) This will further depress their respiratory centers. 
D) This will induce apnea and sudden death.

Question 12

Cheyne-Stokes breathing may be caused by which of the following?
I.brain injuries
II.congestive heart failure
III.metabolic acidosis

Accepted Answer

A) I and II 
B) II and III 
C) I and III 
D) I, II, and III 
A) I and II 
B) II and III 
C) I and III 
D) I, II, and III

Question 13

Adjustment of respiratory muscle contractions to accommodate varying loads is regulated by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) medullary respiratory centers 
B) muscle spindle fiber feedback 
C) pontine apneustic center 
D) pontine pneumotaxic center 
A) medullary respiratory centers 
B) muscle spindle fiber feedback 
C) pontine apneustic center 
D) pontine pneumotaxic center

Question 14

When given high concentrations of oxygen, a patient with chronic hypercapnia may develop a more serious respiratory acidosis. Which of the following might be contributing to the patient's increased PCO2?
I.worsening ventilation-perfusion ( $\dot { V }$ / $\dot { Q }$ ) balance
II.desensitization of the carotid bodies
III.removal of the hypoxic stimulus

Accepted Answer

A) I and II 
B) I only 
C) I and III 
D) I, II, and III 
A) I and II 
B) I only 
C) I and III 
D) I, II, and III

Question 15

What has the primary responsibility for sensing and responding to changes in blood levels of CO2?

Accepted Answer

A) apneustic centers 
B) central chemoreceptors 
C) peripheral chemoreceptors 
D) pneumotaxic center 
A) apneustic centers 
B) central chemoreceptors 
C) peripheral chemoreceptors 
D) pneumotaxic center

Question 16

To which anatomic structures do the ventral respiratory centers send motor signals during inspiration?
I.diaphragm
II.larnyx
III.pharynx
IV.sternocleidomastoids

Accepted Answer

A) I, II, and III 
B) II and IV 
C) I only 
D) I, II, III, and IV 
A) I, II, and III 
B) II and IV 
C) I only 
D) I, II, III, and IV

Question 17

Which of the following will occur during even strenuous exercise in a normal healthy individual?

Accepted Answer

A) Blood gases remain stable. 
B) The arterial PCO2 rises. 
C) The arterial pH falls. 
D) The arterial PO2 falls. 
A) Blood gases remain stable. 
B) The arterial PCO2 rises. 
C) The arterial pH falls. 
D) The arterial PO2 falls.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT an effect of J receptor stimulation?

Accepted Answer

A) deep breathing 
B) dyspnea 
C) glottic narrowing 
D) rapid breathing 
A) deep breathing 
B) dyspnea 
C) glottic narrowing 
D) rapid breathing

Question 19

What is the effect when the deflation reflex is stimulated?

Accepted Answer

A) a strong inspiratory effort 
B) expiration is initiated 
C) cuts off all inspiratory signals 
D) stimulates the termination of expiration 
A) a strong inspiratory effort 
B) expiration is initiated 
C) cuts off all inspiratory signals 
D) stimulates the termination of expiration

Question 20

Causes of central neurogenic hyperventilation include which of the following?
I.head trauma
II.inadequate brain blood flow
III.severe brain hypoxia

Accepted Answer

A) II and III 
B) I and II 
C) I and III 
D) I, II, and III 
A) II and III 
B) I and II 
C) I and III 
D) I, II, and III

Exam 14: Regulation of Breathing

Stimulation of the irritant receptors in the lung can result in which of the following? I.bronchoconstriction II.coughing III.narrowing of the glottis

What receptors are associated with causing coughing, sneezing, and tachypnea when stimulated?

Which of the following centers respond more strongly to high levels of CO2?

Why does it take about 24 hours for a full ventilatory response to develop to acute hypoxemia?

What group of nerve cells senses and responds to changes in the chemical composition of its fluid environment?

Which respond more rapidly to high levels of CO2?

What centers are located in the pons of the brain stem? I.apneustic center II.dorsal respiratory neurons III.pneumotaxic center

What negative responses can be elicited by suctioning a patient's airway? I.bradycardia II.coughing III.laryngospasm IV.severe bronchospasm

Which of the following causes hypoxic stimulation of the carotid bodies? I.large decrease in arterial PO2 II.large decrease in oxygen content III.CO2 poisoning

Which receptors are primarily responsible for the initial increase in ventilation that occurs at the beginning of exercise?

What is the response of a patient with chronic hypercapnia to a sudden acute rise in carbon dioxide?

Cheyne-Stokes breathing may be caused by which of the following? I.brain injuries II.congestive heart failure III.metabolic acidosis

Adjustment of respiratory muscle contractions to accommodate varying loads is regulated by which of the following?

What has the primary responsibility for sensing and responding to changes in blood levels of CO2?

To which anatomic structures do the ventral respiratory centers send motor signals during inspiration? I.diaphragm II.larnyx III.pharynx IV.sternocleidomastoids

Which of the following will occur during even strenuous exercise in a normal healthy individual?

Which of the following is NOT an effect of J receptor stimulation?

What is the effect when the deflation reflex is stimulated?

Causes of central neurogenic hyperventilation include which of the following? I.head trauma II.inadequate brain blood flow III.severe brain hypoxia

History of Respiratory Care

Quality and Evidence-Based Respiratory Care

Patient Safety, Communication, and Record Keeping

Principles of Infection Control

Ethical and Legal Implications of Practice

Physical Principles of Respiratory Care

Computer Applications in Respiratory Care

The Respiratory System

The Cardiovascular System

Ventilation

Gas Exchange and Transport

Solutions, Body Fluids, and Electrolytes

Acid-Base Balance

Bedside Assessment of the Patient

Interpretation of Clinical Laboratory Data

Interpreting the Electrocardiogram

Analysis and Monitoring of Gas Exchange

Pulmonary Function Testing

A Review of Thoracic Imaging

Nutrition Assessment

Pulmonary Infections

Obstructive Lung Disease: Copd, Asthma, and Related Diseases

Interstitial Lung Disease

Pleural Diseases

Pulmonary Vascular Disease

Acute Lung Injury, Pulmonary Edema, and Multiple System Organ

Lung Cancer

Neuromuscular and Other Diseases of the Chest Wall

Disorders of Sleep

Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Disorders

Airway Pharmacology

Airway Management

Emergency Cardiovascular Life Support

Humidity and Bland Aerosol Therapy

Aerosol Drug Therapy

Storage and Delivery of Medical Gases

Medical Gas Therapy

Lung Expansion Therapy

Bronchial Hygiene Therapy

Respiratory Failure and the Need for Ventilatory Support

Mechanical Ventilators

Physiology of Ventilatory Support

Initiating and Adjusting Ventilatory Support

Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation

Monitoring and Management of the Patient in the Intensive Care Unit

Discontinuing Ventilatory Support

Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care

Patient Education and Health Promotion

Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation

Respiratory Care in Alternative Settings

Filters

Which of the following centers respond more strongly to high levels of CO₂?

Which respond more rapidly to high levels of CO₂?

Which of the following causes hypoxic stimulation of the carotid bodies? I.large decrease in arterial PO₂ II.large decrease in oxygen content III.CO₂ poisoning

What has the primary responsibility for sensing and responding to changes in blood levels of CO₂?