Question 1

What affect does hyperventilation have on HCO3- recovery in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

A) less H+ excretion, greater HCO3- loss 
B) no affect as these involve two independent systems 
C) vicious cycle of worsening alkalemia as hyperventilation stimulates increased HCO3-retention 
D) escalating retention of other buffer bases along with HCO3- 
A) less H+ excretion, greater HCO3- loss 
B) no affect as these involve two independent systems 
C) vicious cycle of worsening alkalemia as hyperventilation stimulates increased HCO3-retention 
D) escalating retention of other buffer bases along with HCO3-

Question 2

What would be an example of an iatrogenic cause of metabolic alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

A) gastric suction 
B) hypochloremia 
C) hypokalemia 
D) vomiting 
A) gastric suction 
B) hypochloremia 
C) hypokalemia 
D) vomiting

Question 3

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.43, PCO2 = 39 mm Hg, HCO3- = 25.1 mEq/L

Accepted Answer

A) acid-base status within normal limits 
B) fully compensated metabolic acidosis 
C) fully compensated respiratory alkalosis 
D) partially compensated metabolic acidosis 
A) acid-base status within normal limits 
B) fully compensated metabolic acidosis 
C) fully compensated respiratory alkalosis 
D) partially compensated metabolic acidosis

Question 4

Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, determine the accuracy of the gas below. To be considered accurate, it must be within 0.03 pH unit.pH = 7.35, PCO2 = 77 mm Hg, HCO3- = 41 mEq/L

Accepted Answer

A) This gas is completely accurate. 
B) This gas is accurate as the calculated pH is 7.32. 
C) This gas is accurate as the calculated pH is 7.38. 
D) This gas is inaccurate according to the H-H equation. 
A) This gas is completely accurate. 
B) This gas is accurate as the calculated pH is 7.32. 
C) This gas is accurate as the calculated pH is 7.38. 
D) This gas is inaccurate according to the H-H equation.

Question 5

If the blood PCO2 is high, the kidneys will do which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) excrete more H+ and reabsorb more HCO3- 
B) excrete less H+ and reabsorb more HCO3- 
C) excrete less H+ and reabsorb less HCO3- 
D) excrete more H+ and reabsorb less HCO3- 
A) excrete more H+ and reabsorb more HCO3- 
B) excrete less H+ and reabsorb more HCO3- 
C) excrete less H+ and reabsorb less HCO3- 
D) excrete more H+ and reabsorb less HCO3-

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a cause of metabolic alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

A) diuretics 
B) hyperkalemia 
C) hypochloremia 
D) vomiting 
A) diuretics 
B) hyperkalemia 
C) hypochloremia 
D) vomiting

Question 7

Correction of acute respiratory acidosis is accomplished by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) increasing HCO3-reabsorption 
B) increasing alveolar ventilation 
C) decreasing HCO3-reabsorption 
D) decreasing alveolar ventilation 
A) increasing HCO3-reabsorption 
B) increasing alveolar ventilation 
C) decreasing HCO3-reabsorption 
D) decreasing alveolar ventilation

Question 8

What is the most common cause of respiratory alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

A) anxiety 
B) central nervous system depression 
C) hypoxemia 
D) pain 
A) anxiety 
B) central nervous system depression 
C) hypoxemia 
D) pain

Question 9

A patient with Kussmaul's respirations most likely has:

Accepted Answer

A) metabolic acidosis 
B) metabolic alkalosis 
C) respiratory acidosis 
D) respiratory alkalosis 
A) metabolic acidosis 
B) metabolic alkalosis 
C) respiratory acidosis 
D) respiratory alkalosis

Question 10

Which of the following is a volatile acid of physiologic significance?

Accepted Answer

A) hydrochloric 
B) carbonic 
C) phosphoric 
D) lactic 
A) hydrochloric 
B) carbonic 
C) phosphoric 
D) lactic

Question 11

What is the limiting factor for H+ excretion in the renal tubules?

Accepted Answer

A) excessive amounts of Cl- 
B) excessive amounts of HCO3- 
C) insufficient buffers 
D) insufficient sodium 
A) excessive amounts of Cl- 
B) excessive amounts of HCO3- 
C) insufficient buffers 
D) insufficient sodium

Question 12

Compensation for metabolic acidosis occurs through which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) increase in blood CO2 levels 
B) decrease in blood CO2 levels 
C) decrease in blood HCO3- levels 
D) increase in blood HCO3- levels 
A) increase in blood CO2 levels 
B) decrease in blood CO2 levels 
C) decrease in blood HCO3- levels 
D) increase in blood HCO3- levels

Question 13

In acute respiratory acidosis, what would you expect the BE range to be?

Accepted Answer

A) -4 to -6 mEq/L 
B) +2 to -2 mEq/L 
C) +4 to +6 mEq/L 
D) +22 to +26 mEq/L 
A) -4 to -6 mEq/L 
B) +2 to -2 mEq/L 
C) +4 to +6 mEq/L 
D) +22 to +26 mEq/L

Question 14

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.01, PCO2 = 71 mm Hg, HCO3- = 16.3 mEq/L

Accepted Answer

A) acute metabolic acidosis 
B) acute respiratory acidosis 
C) combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis 
D) partially compensated respiratory acidosis 
A) acute metabolic acidosis 
B) acute respiratory acidosis 
C) combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis 
D) partially compensated respiratory acidosis

Question 15

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

A) It drives the recovery of HCO3- and excretion of H+. 
B) It is the catalyst for the hamburger phenomenon. 
C) It promotes the excretion of CO2 in the urine. 
D) It promotes the loss of fluids in congestive heart failure. 
A) It drives the recovery of HCO3- and excretion of H+. 
B) It is the catalyst for the hamburger phenomenon. 
C) It promotes the excretion of CO2 in the urine. 
D) It promotes the loss of fluids in congestive heart failure.

Question 16

What is a normal response of the body to a failure in one component of the acid-base regulatory mechanism?

Accepted Answer

A) autoregulation 
B) compensation 
C) correction 
D) homeostasis 
A) autoregulation 
B) compensation 
C) correction 
D) homeostasis

Question 17

What are the major mechanisms responsible for maintaining a stable pH despite massive CO2 production?
I.isohydric buffering
II.gastrointestinal secretion
III.pulmonary ventilation

Accepted Answer

A) II and III 
B) I and II 
C) I, II, and III 
D) I and III 
A) II and III 
B) I and II 
C) I, II, and III 
D) I and III

Question 18

Correction of metabolic alkalosis may involve which of the following?
I.restoring normal fluid volume
II.administering acidifying agents
III.restoring normal K+ and Cl- levels

Accepted Answer

A) III only 
B) I and II 
C) II and III 
D) I, II, and III 
A) III only 
B) I and II 
C) II and III 
D) I, II, and III

Question 19

According to the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, the pH of the blood will be normal as long as the ratio of HCO3- to dissolved CO2 is which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) 10:1 
B) 20:1 
C) 24:1 
D) 30:1 
A) 10:1 
B) 20:1 
C) 24:1 
D) 30:1

Question 20

By comparison, how much fixed acid is produced in any given period compared to the volatile acid CO2?

Accepted Answer

A) about the same amount 
B) less fixed than volatile 
C) more fixed than volatile 
A) about the same amount 
B) less fixed than volatile 
C) more fixed than volatile

Exam 13: Acid-Base Balance

What affect does hyperventilation have on HCO3- recovery in the kidneys?

What would be an example of an iatrogenic cause of metabolic alkalosis?

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.43, PCO2 = 39 mm Hg, HCO3- = 25.1 mEq/L

Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, determine the accuracy of the gas below. To be considered accurate, it must be within 0.03 pH unit.pH = 7.35, PCO2 = 77 mm Hg, HCO3- = 41 mEq/L

If the blood PCO2 is high, the kidneys will do which of the following?

Which of the following is NOT a cause of metabolic alkalosis?

Correction of acute respiratory acidosis is accomplished by which of the following?

What is the most common cause of respiratory alkalosis?

A patient with Kussmaul's respirations most likely has:

Which of the following is a volatile acid of physiologic significance?

What is the limiting factor for H+ excretion in the renal tubules?

Compensation for metabolic acidosis occurs through which of the following?

In acute respiratory acidosis, what would you expect the BE range to be?

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.01, PCO2 = 71 mm Hg, HCO3- = 16.3 mEq/L

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in the kidneys?

What is a normal response of the body to a failure in one component of the acid-base regulatory mechanism?

What are the major mechanisms responsible for maintaining a stable pH despite massive CO2 production? I.isohydric buffering II.gastrointestinal secretion III.pulmonary ventilation

Correction of metabolic alkalosis may involve which of the following? I.restoring normal fluid volume II.administering acidifying agents III.restoring normal K+ and Cl- levels

According to the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, the pH of the blood will be normal as long as the ratio of HCO3- to dissolved CO2 is which of the following?

By comparison, how much fixed acid is produced in any given period compared to the volatile acid CO2?

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Filters

What affect does hyperventilation have on HCO₃^- recovery in the kidneys?

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.43, PCO₂ = 39 mm Hg, HCO₃^- = 25.1 mEq/L

Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, determine the accuracy of the gas below. To be considered accurate, it must be within 0.03 pH unit.pH = 7.35, PCO₂ = 77 mm Hg, HCO₃^- = 41 mEq/L

If the blood PCO₂ is high, the kidneys will do which of the following?

What is the limiting factor for H⁺ excretion in the renal tubules?

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.01, PCO₂ = 71 mm Hg, HCO3^- = 16.3 mEq/L

What are the major mechanisms responsible for maintaining a stable pH despite massive CO₂ production? I.isohydric buffering II.gastrointestinal secretion III.pulmonary ventilation

Correction of metabolic alkalosis may involve which of the following? I.restoring normal fluid volume II.administering acidifying agents III.restoring normal K⁺ and Cl^- levels

According to the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, the pH of the blood will be normal as long as the ratio of HCO₃^- to dissolved CO₂ is which of the following?

By comparison, how much fixed acid is produced in any given period compared to the volatile acid CO₂?