Question 1

An increase in the H+ ion concentration [H+] of the blood due only to an increase in the arterial PCO2 (hypercapnia) best describes which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) metabolic acidosis 
B) metabolic alkalosis 
C) respiratory acidosis 
D) respiratory alkalosis 
A) metabolic acidosis 
B) metabolic alkalosis 
C) respiratory acidosis 
D) respiratory alkalosis

Question 2

What is the treatment for severe metabolic acidosis?

Accepted Answer

A) charcoal 
B) insulin 
C) mechanical ventilation 
D) NaHCO3- infusion 
A) charcoal 
B) insulin 
C) mechanical ventilation 
D) NaHCO3- infusion

Question 3

What is the kidneys' most important function?

Accepted Answer

A) acid-base balance 
B) chloride maintenance 
C) HCO3-maintenance 
D) sodium maintenance 
A) acid-base balance 
B) chloride maintenance 
C) HCO3-maintenance 
D) sodium maintenance

Question 4

What are some causes of metabolic acidosis with an increased anion gap?
I.diarrhea
II.ketoacidosis
III.lactic acidosis
IV.renal failure

Accepted Answer

A) II and III 
B) II and IV 
C) II, III, and IV 
D) I, III, and IV 
A) II and III 
B) II and IV 
C) II, III, and IV 
D) I, III, and IV

Question 5

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.43, PCO2 = 20 mm Hg, HCO3- = 12.6 mEq/L

Accepted Answer

A) acute (uncompensated) respiratory alkalosis 
B) fully compensated metabolic acidosis 
C) fully compensated respiratory alkalosis 
D) partially compensated respiratory alkalosis 
A) acute (uncompensated) respiratory alkalosis 
B) fully compensated metabolic acidosis 
C) fully compensated respiratory alkalosis 
D) partially compensated respiratory alkalosis

Question 6

What condition or treatment could cause iatrogenic respiratory alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

A) central nervous system stimulation 
B) mechanical hyperventilation 
C) severe hypoxemia 
D) vagal stimulation 
A) central nervous system stimulation 
B) mechanical hyperventilation 
C) severe hypoxemia 
D) vagal stimulation

Question 7

What explains the lack of an increased anion gap seen in metabolic acidosis caused by HCO3- loss?

Accepted Answer

A) For each HCO3- ion lost, a Cl- ion is reabsorbed by the kidney. 
B) For each HCO3- ion lost, the body produces another to replace it. 
C) HCO3- is not a measured anion, so its loss does not affect the anion gap. 
D) Replacement of HCO3- occurs by ammonia ions which are also anions. 
A) For each HCO3- ion lost, a Cl- ion is reabsorbed by the kidney. 
B) For each HCO3- ion lost, the body produces another to replace it. 
C) HCO3- is not a measured anion, so its loss does not affect the anion gap. 
D) Replacement of HCO3- occurs by ammonia ions which are also anions.

Question 8

Why is a buffer system such as phosphate considered a closed system?

Accepted Answer

A) All the components remain in the system. 
B) It has limited utility in buffering acids. 
C) Its ability to buffer volatile acids is incomplete. 
D) Once its buffer level is established, it will never change. 
A) All the components remain in the system. 
B) It has limited utility in buffering acids. 
C) Its ability to buffer volatile acids is incomplete. 
D) Once its buffer level is established, it will never change.

Question 9

With partially compensated respiratory alkalosis, which of the following blood gas abnormalities would you expect to encounter?
I.decreased pH
II.decreased HCO3-
III.decreased PCO2
IV.increased pH

Accepted Answer

A) I, II, and IV 
B) I and III 
C) III only 
D) II, III, and IV 
A) I, II, and IV 
B) I and III 
C) III only 
D) II, III, and IV

Question 10

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.28, PCO2 = 53 mm Hg, HCO3- = 25.8 mEq/L

Accepted Answer

A) acute metabolic acidosis 
B) acute respiratory acidosis 
C) partially compensated metabolic acidosis 
D) partially compensated respiratory acidosis 
A) acute metabolic acidosis 
B) acute respiratory acidosis 
C) partially compensated metabolic acidosis 
D) partially compensated respiratory acidosis

Question 11

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.62, PCO2 = 41 mm Hg, HCO3- = 40.9 mEq/L

Accepted Answer

A) acute (uncompensated) metabolic alkalosis 
B) acute (uncompensated) respiratory alkalosis 
C) fully compensated metabolic alkalosis 
D) partially compensated metabolic alkalosis 
A) acute (uncompensated) metabolic alkalosis 
B) acute (uncompensated) respiratory alkalosis 
C) fully compensated metabolic alkalosis 
D) partially compensated metabolic alkalosis

Question 12

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.38, PCO2 = 21 mm Hg, HCO3- = 11.7 mEq/L

Accepted Answer

A) acute metabolic acidosis 
B) fully compensated metabolic acidosis 
C) partially compensated metabolic acidosis 
D) fully compensated respiratory alkalosis 
A) acute metabolic acidosis 
B) fully compensated metabolic acidosis 
C) partially compensated metabolic acidosis 
D) fully compensated respiratory alkalosis

Question 13

A patient has a pH of 7.49. What would this define?

Accepted Answer

A) acidosis 
B) alkalosis 
C) not sufficient information 
D) normal acid-base status 
A) acidosis 
B) alkalosis 
C) not sufficient information 
D) normal acid-base status

Question 14

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.35, PCO2 = 68 mm Hg, HCO3- = 34.3 mEq/L

Accepted Answer

A) acute respiratory acidosis 
B) combined metabolic and respiratory acidosis 
C) fully compensated respiratory acidosis 
D) fully compensated metabolic alkalosis 
A) acute respiratory acidosis 
B) combined metabolic and respiratory acidosis 
C) fully compensated respiratory acidosis 
D) fully compensated metabolic alkalosis

Question 15

Which of the following mechanisms helps to eliminate excess H+ via the kidneys?
I.reabsorption of HCO3-
II.phosphate buffering
III.ammonia buffering

Accepted Answer

A) II and III 
B) I and III 
C) II 
D) I, II, and III 
A) II and III 
B) I and III 
C) II 
D) I, II, and III

Question 16

Which of the following statements about the equilibrium constant of an acid is true?

Accepted Answer

A) The equilibrium constant of a weak acid is large. 
B) The equilibrium constant of a strong acid is small. 
C) The equilibrium constant of a weak acid is small. 
D) The more an acid ionizes, the smaller is the equilibrium constant. 
A) The equilibrium constant of a weak acid is large. 
B) The equilibrium constant of a strong acid is small. 
C) The equilibrium constant of a weak acid is small. 
D) The more an acid ionizes, the smaller is the equilibrium constant.

Question 17

Compensation for respiratory acidosis occurs through which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) decrease in blood CO2 levels 
B) decrease in blood HCO3- levels 
C) increase in blood CO2 levels 
D) increase in blood HCO3- levels 
A) decrease in blood CO2 levels 
B) decrease in blood HCO3- levels 
C) increase in blood CO2 levels 
D) increase in blood HCO3- levels

Question 18

The majority of the acid the body produces in a day is excreted through the lungs as CO2. What happens to the H+ ions?

Accepted Answer

A) They are bound to Hb. 
B) They bind to phosphate. 
C) They form carbamino compounds. 
D) They bind to an OH-forming H2O. 
A) They are bound to Hb. 
B) They bind to phosphate. 
C) They form carbamino compounds. 
D) They bind to an OH-forming H2O.

Question 19

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.08, PCO2 = 39 mm Hg, HCO3- = 11.8 mEq/L

Accepted Answer

A) acute metabolic acidosis 
B) acute respiratory acidosis 
C) partially compensated metabolic acidosis 
D) partially compensated respiratory acidosis 
A) acute metabolic acidosis 
B) acute respiratory acidosis 
C) partially compensated metabolic acidosis 
D) partially compensated respiratory acidosis

Question 20

The numerator of the Henderson-Hasselbalch (H-H) equation (HCO3-) relates to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) blood concentration of nonbicarbonate buffers 
B) excretion of volatile acid by the lungs 
C) renal buffering and excretion of fixed acids 
D) respiratory component of acid-base balance 
A) blood concentration of nonbicarbonate buffers 
B) excretion of volatile acid by the lungs 
C) renal buffering and excretion of fixed acids 
D) respiratory component of acid-base balance

Exam 13: Acid-Base Balance

An increase in the H+ ion concentration [H+] of the blood due only to an increase in the arterial PCO2 (hypercapnia) best describes which of the following?

What is the treatment for severe metabolic acidosis?

What is the kidneys' most important function?

What are some causes of metabolic acidosis with an increased anion gap? I.diarrhea II.ketoacidosis III.lactic acidosis IV.renal failure

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.43, PCO2 = 20 mm Hg, HCO3- = 12.6 mEq/L

What condition or treatment could cause iatrogenic respiratory alkalosis?

What explains the lack of an increased anion gap seen in metabolic acidosis caused by HCO3- loss?

Why is a buffer system such as phosphate considered a closed system?

With partially compensated respiratory alkalosis, which of the following blood gas abnormalities would you expect to encounter? I.decreased pH II.decreased HCO3- III.decreased PCO2 IV.increased pH

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.28, PCO2 = 53 mm Hg, HCO3- = 25.8 mEq/L

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.62, PCO2 = 41 mm Hg, HCO3- = 40.9 mEq/L

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.38, PCO2 = 21 mm Hg, HCO3- = 11.7 mEq/L

A patient has a pH of 7.49. What would this define?

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.35, PCO2 = 68 mm Hg, HCO3- = 34.3 mEq/L

Which of the following mechanisms helps to eliminate excess H+ via the kidneys? I.reabsorption of HCO3- II.phosphate buffering III.ammonia buffering

Which of the following statements about the equilibrium constant of an acid is true?

Compensation for respiratory acidosis occurs through which of the following?

The majority of the acid the body produces in a day is excreted through the lungs as CO2. What happens to the H+ ions?

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.08, PCO2 = 39 mm Hg, HCO3- = 11.8 mEq/L

The numerator of the Henderson-Hasselbalch (H-H) equation (HCO3-) relates to which of the following?

History of Respiratory Care

Quality and Evidence-Based Respiratory Care

Patient Safety, Communication, and Record Keeping

Principles of Infection Control

Ethical and Legal Implications of Practice

Physical Principles of Respiratory Care

Computer Applications in Respiratory Care

The Respiratory System

The Cardiovascular System

Ventilation

Gas Exchange and Transport

Solutions, Body Fluids, and Electrolytes

Regulation of Breathing

Bedside Assessment of the Patient

Interpretation of Clinical Laboratory Data

Interpreting the Electrocardiogram

Analysis and Monitoring of Gas Exchange

Pulmonary Function Testing

A Review of Thoracic Imaging

Nutrition Assessment

Pulmonary Infections

Obstructive Lung Disease: Copd, Asthma, and Related Diseases

Interstitial Lung Disease

Pleural Diseases

Pulmonary Vascular Disease

Acute Lung Injury, Pulmonary Edema, and Multiple System Organ

Lung Cancer

Neuromuscular and Other Diseases of the Chest Wall

Disorders of Sleep

Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Disorders

Airway Pharmacology

Airway Management

Emergency Cardiovascular Life Support

Humidity and Bland Aerosol Therapy

Aerosol Drug Therapy

Storage and Delivery of Medical Gases

Medical Gas Therapy

Lung Expansion Therapy

Bronchial Hygiene Therapy

Respiratory Failure and the Need for Ventilatory Support

Mechanical Ventilators

Physiology of Ventilatory Support

Initiating and Adjusting Ventilatory Support

Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation

Monitoring and Management of the Patient in the Intensive Care Unit

Discontinuing Ventilatory Support

Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care

Patient Education and Health Promotion

Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation

Respiratory Care in Alternative Settings

Filters

An increase in the H⁺ ion concentration [H⁺] of the blood due only to an increase in the arterial PCO₂ (hypercapnia) best describes which of the following?

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.43, PCO₂ = 20 mm Hg, HCO₃^- = 12.6 mEq/L

What explains the lack of an increased anion gap seen in metabolic acidosis caused by HCO₃^- loss?

With partially compensated respiratory alkalosis, which of the following blood gas abnormalities would you expect to encounter? I.decreased pH II.decreased HCO₃^- III.decreased PCO₂ IV.increased pH

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.28, PCO₂ = 53 mm Hg, HCO₃^- = 25.8 mEq/L

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.62, PCO₂ = 41 mm Hg, HCO₃^- = 40.9 mEq/L

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.38, PCO₂ = 21 mm Hg, HCO₃^- = 11.7 mEq/L

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.35, PCO₂ = 68 mm Hg, HCO₃^- = 34.3 mEq/L

Which of the following mechanisms helps to eliminate excess H⁺ via the kidneys? I.reabsorption of HCO₃^- II.phosphate buffering III.ammonia buffering

The majority of the acid the body produces in a day is excreted through the lungs as CO₂. What happens to the H⁺ ions?

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.08, PCO₂ = 39 mm Hg, HCO₃^- = 11.8 mEq/L

The numerator of the Henderson-Hasselbalch (H-H) equation (HCO₃^-) relates to which of the following?