Question 1

Assuming a constant FIO2 and carbon dioxide production, which of the following statements are correct?

Accepted Answer

A) An increased PACO2 will result in and increased PAO2. 
B) Increased FIO2 blows off carbon dioxide 
C) Increases in $\dot { V }$ A decrease the PACO2 and increase the PAO2. 
D) The PAO2 varies proportionally with the PACO2. 
A) An increased PACO2 will result in and increased PAO2. 
B) Increased FIO2 blows off carbon dioxide 
C) Increases in $\dot { V }$ A decrease the PACO2 and increase the PAO2. 
D) The PAO2 varies proportionally with the PACO2.

Question 2

The largest percentage of carbon dioxide transported in the blood occurs as which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) carbamino-Hb 
B) carbonic acid (H2CO3) 
C) HCO3- 
D) physically dissolved carbon dioxide 
A) carbamino-Hb 
B) carbonic acid (H2CO3) 
C) HCO3- 
D) physically dissolved carbon dioxide

Question 3

On what does the movement of gases between the lungs and the body tissues mainly depend?

Accepted Answer

A) active transport 
B) gaseous diffusion 
C) membrane dialysis 
D) membrane transport 
A) active transport 
B) gaseous diffusion 
C) membrane dialysis 
D) membrane transport

Question 4

If blood from an area of the lung with a high $\dot { V }$ / $\dot { Q }$ is mixed with blood perfusing an area with a low $\dot { V }$ / $\dot { Q }$ , what will be the result?

Accepted Answer

A) CaO2 higher than the average of the two 
B) CaO2 lower than the average of the two 
C) PaO2 equal to the average of the two 
D) PaO2 lower than the average of the two 
A) CaO2 higher than the average of the two 
B) CaO2 lower than the average of the two 
C) PaO2 equal to the average of the two 
D) PaO2 lower than the average of the two

Question 5

What is the most common cause of hypoxemia?

Accepted Answer

A) diffusion defect 
B) hypoventilation 
C) right-to-left shunt 
D)  $\dot { V }$ / $\dot { Q }$ mismatch 
A) diffusion defect 
B) hypoventilation 
C) right-to-left shunt 
D)  $\dot { V }$ / $\dot { Q }$ mismatch

Question 6

Which of the following statements is true regarding the Haldane effect?

Accepted Answer

A) At high SaO2 levels, carbon dioxide more readily forms carbamino compounds. 
B) At high SaO2 levels, the capacity of blood to hold carbon dioxide decreases. 
C) At high SaO2 levels, the capacity of blood to hold carbon dioxide increases. 
D) At low SaO2 levels, the capacity of blood to hold carbon dioxide decreases. 
A) At high SaO2 levels, carbon dioxide more readily forms carbamino compounds. 
B) At high SaO2 levels, the capacity of blood to hold carbon dioxide decreases. 
C) At high SaO2 levels, the capacity of blood to hold carbon dioxide increases. 
D) At low SaO2 levels, the capacity of blood to hold carbon dioxide decreases.

Question 7

In order to assess the events occurring at the tissue level, especially tissue oxygenation, what parameter would you sample and measure?

Accepted Answer

A) coronary sinus blood 
B) left-sided heart blood 
C) systemic arterial blood 
D) systemic mixed venous blood 
A) coronary sinus blood 
B) left-sided heart blood 
C) systemic arterial blood 
D) systemic mixed venous blood

Question 8

An abnormal metabolic state in which the tissues are unable to utilize the oxygen made available to them best describes which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) diffusion hypoxia 
B) dysoxia 
C) hemic hypoxia 
D) physiologic shunt 
A) diffusion hypoxia 
B) dysoxia 
C) hemic hypoxia 
D) physiologic shunt

Question 9

What does $\dot { V }$ / $\dot { Q }$ mismatch have the biggest impact on?

Accepted Answer

A) carbon dioxide elimination 
B) dissolved HCO3- 
C) oxygenation 
D) pH 
A) carbon dioxide elimination 
B) dissolved HCO3- 
C) oxygenation 
D) pH

Question 10

An area of the lung has no ventilation but is normally perfused by the pulmonary circulation. Which of the following statements are correct?
I .Blood exiting the pulmonary capillary will have a PO2 = 40 and a PCO2 = 46.
II.The area represents an alveolar shunt.
III.The $\dot { V }$ / $\dot { Q }$ is 0.

Accepted Answer

A) II and III 
B) I and III 
C) II only 
D) I, II, and III 
A) II and III 
B) I and III 
C) II only 
D) I, II, and III

Question 11

Even in healthy young subjects, regional differences in pulmonary ventilation and blood flow result in the PaO2 being lower than the PAO2. Why is this so?

Accepted Answer

A) Most blood flows through the apexes of the lung. 
B) Most blood flows through areas with high $\dot { V }$ / $\dot { Q }$ . 
C) Most blood flows through the bases of the lung. 
D) Most ventilation goes to the apexes of the lung. 
A) Most blood flows through the apexes of the lung. 
B) Most blood flows through areas with high $\dot { V }$ / $\dot { Q }$ . 
C) Most blood flows through the bases of the lung. 
D) Most ventilation goes to the apexes of the lung.

Question 12

The PAO2 depends on which of the following factors?
I.ambient (atmospheric) pressure
II.fractional concentration of inspired oxygen
III.level of $\dot { V }$ A
IV.types of fuels burned (fat, protein, carbohydrate)

Accepted Answer

A) I, II, and III 
B) I and II 
C) III only 
D) I, II, III, and IV 
A) I, II, and III 
B) I and II 
C) III only 
D) I, II, III, and IV

Question 13

Which of the following conditions must exist for gas to move between the alveolus and pulmonary capillary?

Accepted Answer

A) adequate alveolar ventilation (V
A)  
B) difference in partial pressures (pressure gradient) 
C) normal central nervous system (CNS) control mechanism 
D) sufficient amount of blood hemoglobin (Hb) 
A) adequate alveolar ventilation (V
A)  
B) difference in partial pressures (pressure gradient) 
C) normal central nervous system (CNS) control mechanism 
D) sufficient amount of blood hemoglobin (Hb)

Question 14

What occurs in the bases of the upright lung?

Accepted Answer

A) The PAO2 is higher than normal. 
B) The respiratory exchange ratio is elevated. 
C) There is significant deadspace under normal conditions 
D) The $\dot { V }$ / $\dot { Q }$ is lower than the average. 
A) The PAO2 is higher than normal. 
B) The respiratory exchange ratio is elevated. 
C) There is significant deadspace under normal conditions 
D) The $\dot { V }$ / $\dot { Q }$ is lower than the average.

Question 15

What is the affect of an elevated intracellular 2,3-DPG concentration?

Accepted Answer

A) decreases the availability of oxygen to the tissues 
B) increases the affinity of Hb for oxygen 
C) increases the availability of oxygen to the tissues 
D) shifts the HbO2 dissociation curve to the left 
A) decreases the availability of oxygen to the tissues 
B) increases the affinity of Hb for oxygen 
C) increases the availability of oxygen to the tissues 
D) shifts the HbO2 dissociation curve to the left

Question 16

Which of the following values corresponds most closely to the normal PO2 and PCO2 in the mixed venous blood returning to the lungs from the right side of the heart?

Accepted Answer

A) PO2 = 40 mm Hg; PCO2 = 46 mm Hg 
B) PO2 = 40 mm Hg; PCO2 = 100 mm Hg 
C) PO2 = 100 mm Hg; PCO2 = 40 mm Hg 
D) PO2 = 100 mm Hg; PCO2 = 46 mm Hg 
A) PO2 = 40 mm Hg; PCO2 = 46 mm Hg 
B) PO2 = 40 mm Hg; PCO2 = 100 mm Hg 
C) PO2 = 100 mm Hg; PCO2 = 40 mm Hg 
D) PO2 = 100 mm Hg; PCO2 = 46 mm Hg

Question 17

In which of the following conditions will erythrocyte concentration of 2,3-DPG be decreased?

Accepted Answer

A) anemia 
B) banked blood 
C) high pH 
D) hypoxemia 
A) anemia 
B) banked blood 
C) high pH 
D) hypoxemia

Question 18

Which of the following best represents the partial pressures of all gases in the normally ventilated and perfused alveolus when breathing room air at sea level?

Accepted Answer

A) PO2 = 40 mm Hg; PCO2 = 100 mm Hg; PN2 = 573 mm Hg; PH2O = 47 mm Hg 
B) PO2 = 100 mm Hg; PCO2 = 40 mm Hg; PN2 = 573 mm Hg; PH2O = 47 mm Hg 
C) PO2 = 100 mm Hg; PCO2 = 40 mm Hg; PN2 = 713 mm Hg; PH2O = 47 mm Hg 
D) PO2 = 149 mm Hg; PCO2 = 40 mm Hg; PN2 = 573 mm Hg; PH2O = 47 mm Hg 
A) PO2 = 40 mm Hg; PCO2 = 100 mm Hg; PN2 = 573 mm Hg; PH2O = 47 mm Hg 
B) PO2 = 100 mm Hg; PCO2 = 40 mm Hg; PN2 = 573 mm Hg; PH2O = 47 mm Hg 
C) PO2 = 100 mm Hg; PCO2 = 40 mm Hg; PN2 = 713 mm Hg; PH2O = 47 mm Hg 
D) PO2 = 149 mm Hg; PCO2 = 40 mm Hg; PN2 = 573 mm Hg; PH2O = 47 mm Hg

Question 19

A patient breathing room air at sea level has the following arterial blood gases: PaO2 = 62 mm Hg; PCO2 = 75 mm Hg. When the FIO2 is raised to 0.28, the PaO2 rises to 95 mm Hg. What is the most likely cause of the hypoxemia?

Accepted Answer

A) hypoventilation 
B) impaired diffusion 
C) right-to-left shunt 
D)  $\dot { V }$ / $\dot { Q }$ imbalance 
A) hypoventilation 
B) impaired diffusion 
C) right-to-left shunt 
D)  $\dot { V }$ / $\dot { Q }$ imbalance

Question 20

In a person breathing room air (and with all else being normal), if the alveolar PCO2 rises from 40 to 70 mm Hg, what would you expect?

Accepted Answer

A) PAO2 to fall by about 30 mm Hg 
B) PAO2 to fall by about 40 mm Hg 
C) PAO2 to rise by about 30 mm Hg 
D) PAO2 to rise by about 40 mm Hg 
A) PAO2 to fall by about 30 mm Hg 
B) PAO2 to fall by about 40 mm Hg 
C) PAO2 to rise by about 30 mm Hg 
D) PAO2 to rise by about 40 mm Hg

Exam 11: Gas Exchange and Transport

Assuming a constant FIO2 and carbon dioxide production, which of the following statements are correct?

The largest percentage of carbon dioxide transported in the blood occurs as which of the following?

On what does the movement of gases between the lungs and the body tissues mainly depend?

If blood from an area of the lung with a high V˙\dot { V }V˙ / Q˙\dot { Q }Q˙​ is mixed with blood perfusing an area with a low V˙\dot { V }V˙ / Q˙\dot { Q }Q˙​ , what will be the result?

What is the most common cause of hypoxemia?

Which of the following statements is true regarding the Haldane effect?

In order to assess the events occurring at the tissue level, especially tissue oxygenation, what parameter would you sample and measure?

An abnormal metabolic state in which the tissues are unable to utilize the oxygen made available to them best describes which of the following?

What does V˙\dot { V }V˙ / Q˙\dot { Q }Q˙​ mismatch have the biggest impact on?

Even in healthy young subjects, regional differences in pulmonary ventilation and blood flow result in the PaO2 being lower than the PAO2. Why is this so?

The PAO2 depends on which of the following factors? I.ambient (atmospheric) pressure II.fractional concentration of inspired oxygen III.level of V˙\dot { V }V˙ A IV.types of fuels burned (fat, protein, carbohydrate)

Which of the following conditions must exist for gas to move between the alveolus and pulmonary capillary?

What occurs in the bases of the upright lung?

What is the affect of an elevated intracellular 2,3-DPG concentration?

Which of the following values corresponds most closely to the normal PO2 and PCO2 in the mixed venous blood returning to the lungs from the right side of the heart?

In which of the following conditions will erythrocyte concentration of 2,3-DPG be decreased?

Which of the following best represents the partial pressures of all gases in the normally ventilated and perfused alveolus when breathing room air at sea level?

A patient breathing room air at sea level has the following arterial blood gases: PaO2 = 62 mm Hg; PCO2 = 75 mm Hg. When the FIO2 is raised to 0.28, the PaO2 rises to 95 mm Hg. What is the most likely cause of the hypoxemia?

In a person breathing room air (and with all else being normal), if the alveolar PCO2 rises from 40 to 70 mm Hg, what would you expect?

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Filters

Assuming a constant FIO₂ and carbon dioxide production, which of the following statements are correct?

If blood from an area of the lung with a high $\dot { V }$ / $\dot { Q }$ is mixed with blood perfusing an area with a low $\dot { V }$ / $\dot { Q }$ , what will be the result?

What does $\dot { V }$ / $\dot { Q }$ mismatch have the biggest impact on?

Even in healthy young subjects, regional differences in pulmonary ventilation and blood flow result in the PaO₂ being lower than the PAO₂. Why is this so?

The PAO₂ depends on which of the following factors? I.ambient (atmospheric) pressure II.fractional concentration of inspired oxygen III.level of $\dot { V }$ _A IV.types of fuels burned (fat, protein, carbohydrate)

Which of the following values corresponds most closely to the normal PO₂ and PCO₂ in the mixed venous blood returning to the lungs from the right side of the heart?

A patient breathing room air at sea level has the following arterial blood gases: PaO₂ = 62 mm Hg; PCO₂ = 75 mm Hg. When the FIO₂ is raised to 0.28, the PaO₂ rises to 95 mm Hg. What is the most likely cause of the hypoxemia?

In a person breathing room air (and with all else being normal), if the alveolar PCO₂ rises from 40 to 70 mm Hg, what would you expect?