Question 1

A patient has a P50 value of 29 mm Hg. What does this indicate?

Accepted Answer

A) decreased affinity of Hb for oxygen 
B) higher than normal Hb saturation for a given PO2 
C) increased affinity of Hb for oxygen 
D) normal position in the HbO2 
A) decreased affinity of Hb for oxygen 
B) higher than normal Hb saturation for a given PO2 
C) increased affinity of Hb for oxygen 
D) normal position in the HbO2

Question 2

Which of the following are true regarding fetal hemoglobin (HbF)?

Accepted Answer

A) It has a reduced level of 2,3-DPG. 
B) It is replaced in the first month of life. 
C) It delivers more oxygen to tissues at low PaO2 than normal Hb. 
D) It has a higher P50 than normal Hb. 
A) It has a reduced level of 2,3-DPG. 
B) It is replaced in the first month of life. 
C) It delivers more oxygen to tissues at low PaO2 than normal Hb. 
D) It has a higher P50 than normal Hb.

Question 3

During normal inspiration, which of the following occurs?

Accepted Answer

A) Alveoli at the apexes expand less than those at the bases. 
B) Alveoli at the apexes expand more than those at the bases. 
C) Alveoli at the bases and apexes expand almost equally. 
D) Alveoli at the bases expand less than those at the apexes. 
A) Alveoli at the apexes expand less than those at the bases. 
B) Alveoli at the apexes expand more than those at the bases. 
C) Alveoli at the bases and apexes expand almost equally. 
D) Alveoli at the bases expand less than those at the apexes.

Question 4

What role does the Bohr effect play in oxygen transport?

Accepted Answer

A) describes the affect of varying enzyme levels on Hb and oxygen affinity 
B) diminishes tissue oxygenation due to electrolyte imbalances 
C) enhances oxygen delivery to tissues and oxygen pickup at lungs 
D) explains the affect that oxygen levels have on carbon dioxide transport 
A) describes the affect of varying enzyme levels on Hb and oxygen affinity 
B) diminishes tissue oxygenation due to electrolyte imbalances 
C) enhances oxygen delivery to tissues and oxygen pickup at lungs 
D) explains the affect that oxygen levels have on carbon dioxide transport

Question 5

A patient breathing 40% oxygen at sea level has a PaO2 of 50 mm Hg, a PCO2 of 30 mm Hg and a PAO2 -PaO2 of 250 mm Hg. When the FIO2 is raised to 0.7, the PaO2 rises to only 58 mm Hg. Hypoxemia is primarily due to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) hypoventilation 
B) impaired diffusion 
C) right-to-left shunt 
D)  $\dot { V }$ / $\dot { Q }$ imbalance 
A) hypoventilation 
B) impaired diffusion 
C) right-to-left shunt 
D)  $\dot { V }$ / $\dot { Q }$ imbalance

Question 6

What is the approximate normal level of carbon dioxide production (CO2) for an adult?

Accepted Answer

A) 200 ml/min 
B) 250 ml/min 
C) 4200 ml/min 
D) 6000 ml/min 
A) 200 ml/min 
B) 250 ml/min 
C) 4200 ml/min 
D) 6000 ml/min

Question 7

What is the minimum amount of time that blood must take for pulmonary capillary transit for equilibration of oxygen to occur across the alveolar-capillary membrane?

Accepted Answer

A) 0.15 second 
B) 0.25 second 
C) 0.35 second 
D) 0.45 second 
A) 0.15 second 
B) 0.25 second 
C) 0.35 second 
D) 0.45 second

Question 8

According to the Bohr effect, when the pH drops (blood becomes more acidic), what happens?
I .The affinity of Hb for oxygen decreases.
II.The Hb saturation for a given PO2 falls.
III.The Hb saturation for a given PO2 rises.

Accepted Answer

A) I and II 
B) II only 
C) II and III 
D) I, II, and III 
A) I and II 
B) II only 
C) II and III 
D) I, II, and III

Question 9

Given the following blood parameters, compute the total oxygen content (dissolved + HbO2) of the blood in ml/dl: Hb = 18; PO2 = 40 mm Hg; SO2 = 73%.

Accepted Answer

A) 16.5 ml/dl 
B) 17.7 ml/dl 
C) 18.6 ml/dl 
D) 19.5 ml/dl 
A) 16.5 ml/dl 
B) 17.7 ml/dl 
C) 18.6 ml/dl 
D) 19.5 ml/dl

Question 10

When is the rate of gaseous diffusion across a biological membrane decreased?

Accepted Answer

A) The diffusion distance is small. 
B) The gas diffusion constant increases. 
C) The partial pressure gradient is low. 
D) The surface area is large. 
A) The diffusion distance is small. 
B) The gas diffusion constant increases. 
C) The partial pressure gradient is low. 
D) The surface area is large.

Question 11

Which of the following are true regarding the PACO2?
I.directly proportional to whole-body carbon dioxide production
II.inversely proportional to alveolar ventilation ( $\dot { V }$ A)
III.normally maintained at about 35 to 45 mm Hg

Accepted Answer

A) II and III 
B) I, II, and III 
C) I and II 
D) I and III 
A) II and III 
B) I, II, and III 
C) I and II 
D) I and III

Question 12

Which of the following equations best describes oxygen delivery to the tissues?

Accepted Answer

A) arterial oxygen content /cardiac output 
B) arterial oxygen content * cardiac output 
C) cardiac output + arterial oxygen content 
D) cardiac output * vascular resistance 
A) arterial oxygen content /cardiac output 
B) arterial oxygen content * cardiac output 
C) cardiac output + arterial oxygen content 
D) cardiac output * vascular resistance

Question 13

What is the approximate normal CaO2 - C $\over{V}$ O2 in a healthy adult at rest?

Accepted Answer

A) 5 ml/dl 
B) 15 ml/dl 
C) 20 ml/dl 
D) 250 ml/dl 
A) 5 ml/dl 
B) 15 ml/dl 
C) 20 ml/dl 
D) 250 ml/dl

Question 14

Why is the presence of carbonic anhydrase in RBCs so crucial for carbon dioxide transport?

Accepted Answer

A) forms H2CO3 which is the major buffer for carbon dioxide 
B) drives the hydrolysis reaction that forms HCO3- 
C) forms H2CO3, which is the way the majority of carbon dioxide is transported 
D) without its formation, carbon dioxide could not be excreted at the lungs 
A) forms H2CO3 which is the major buffer for carbon dioxide 
B) drives the hydrolysis reaction that forms HCO3- 
C) forms H2CO3, which is the way the majority of carbon dioxide is transported 
D) without its formation, carbon dioxide could not be excreted at the lungs

Question 15

The time available for diffusion in the lung is mainly a function of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) functional residual capacity (FR
C)  
B) inspired oxygen concentration 
C) level of VA 
D) rate of pulmonary blood flow 
A) functional residual capacity (FR
C)  
B) inspired oxygen concentration 
C) level of VA 
D) rate of pulmonary blood flow

Question 16

Hypoxia is best defined as a condition in which what occurs?

Accepted Answer

A) Blood Hb levels are less than normal (15 g/dl). 
B) The arterial PCO2 is greater than normal (45 mm Hg). 
C) The arterial PO2 is greater than normal (100 mm Hg). 
D) Tissue oxygen delivery is inadequate to meet cellular needs. 
A) Blood Hb levels are less than normal (15 g/dl). 
B) The arterial PCO2 is greater than normal (45 mm Hg). 
C) The arterial PO2 is greater than normal (100 mm Hg). 
D) Tissue oxygen delivery is inadequate to meet cellular needs.

Question 17

What happens when the temperature of the blood rises?
i.The Hb saturation for a given PO2 falls.
II.The HbO2 curve shifts to the right.
III.The affinity of Hb for oxygen increases.

Accepted Answer

A) I and II 
B) I and III 
C) II only 
D) I, II, and III 
A) I and II 
B) I and III 
C) II only 
D) I, II, and III

Question 18

What can you assume about a patient who has a $\dot { V }$ / $\dot { Q }$ imbalance and exhibits hypercapnia (PCO2 greater than 45 mm Hg)?

Accepted Answer

A) The central nervous system is not responding to the increased PCO2. 
B) The patient cannot sustain the high $\dot { V }$ E to overcome the high VD. 
C) The patient is compensating for an acute metabolic alkalosis. 
D) The patient is compensating for a chronic metabolic acidosis. 
A) The central nervous system is not responding to the increased PCO2. 
B) The patient cannot sustain the high $\dot { V }$ E to overcome the high VD. 
C) The patient is compensating for an acute metabolic alkalosis. 
D) The patient is compensating for a chronic metabolic acidosis.

Question 19

In which of the following forms is carbon dioxide transported by the blood?
I.chemically combined with proteins
II.ionized as bicarbonate (HCO3-)
III.simple physical solution

Accepted Answer

A) II only 
B) III only 
C) II and III 
D) I, II, and III 
A) II only 
B) III only 
C) II and III 
D) I, II, and III

Question 20

A patient with a normal PaO2 and cardiac output is exhibiting signs and symptoms of tissue hypoxia. What is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

A) hemoglobin deficiency 
B) low ambient PO2 
C) right-to-left shunt 
D) hypoventilation 
A) hemoglobin deficiency 
B) low ambient PO2 
C) right-to-left shunt 
D) hypoventilation

Exam 11: Gas Exchange and Transport

A patient has a P50 value of 29 mm Hg. What does this indicate?

Which of the following are true regarding fetal hemoglobin (HbF)?

During normal inspiration, which of the following occurs?

What role does the Bohr effect play in oxygen transport?

A patient breathing 40% oxygen at sea level has a PaO2 of 50 mm Hg, a PCO2 of 30 mm Hg and a PAO2 -PaO2 of 250 mm Hg. When the FIO2 is raised to 0.7, the PaO2 rises to only 58 mm Hg. Hypoxemia is primarily due to which of the following?

What is the approximate normal level of carbon dioxide production (CO2) for an adult?

What is the minimum amount of time that blood must take for pulmonary capillary transit for equilibration of oxygen to occur across the alveolar-capillary membrane?

According to the Bohr effect, when the pH drops (blood becomes more acidic), what happens? I .The affinity of Hb for oxygen decreases. II.The Hb saturation for a given PO2 falls. III.The Hb saturation for a given PO2 rises.

Given the following blood parameters, compute the total oxygen content (dissolved + HbO2) of the blood in ml/dl: Hb = 18; PO2 = 40 mm Hg; SO2 = 73%.

When is the rate of gaseous diffusion across a biological membrane decreased?

Which of the following are true regarding the PACO2? I.directly proportional to whole-body carbon dioxide production II.inversely proportional to alveolar ventilation ( V˙\dot { V }V˙ A) III.normally maintained at about 35 to 45 mm Hg

Which of the following equations best describes oxygen delivery to the tissues?

What is the approximate normal CaO2 - C V\over{V}V​ O2 in a healthy adult at rest?

Why is the presence of carbonic anhydrase in RBCs so crucial for carbon dioxide transport?

The time available for diffusion in the lung is mainly a function of which of the following?

Hypoxia is best defined as a condition in which what occurs?

What happens when the temperature of the blood rises? i.The Hb saturation for a given PO2 falls. II.The HbO2 curve shifts to the right. III.The affinity of Hb for oxygen increases.

What can you assume about a patient who has a V˙\dot { V }V˙ / Q˙\dot { Q }Q˙​ imbalance and exhibits hypercapnia (PCO2 greater than 45 mm Hg)?

In which of the following forms is carbon dioxide transported by the blood? I.chemically combined with proteins II.ionized as bicarbonate (HCO3-) III.simple physical solution

A patient with a normal PaO2 and cardiac output is exhibiting signs and symptoms of tissue hypoxia. What is the most likely cause?

History of Respiratory Care

Quality and Evidence-Based Respiratory Care

Patient Safety, Communication, and Record Keeping

Principles of Infection Control

Ethical and Legal Implications of Practice

Physical Principles of Respiratory Care

Computer Applications in Respiratory Care

The Respiratory System

The Cardiovascular System

Ventilation

Solutions, Body Fluids, and Electrolytes

Acid-Base Balance

Regulation of Breathing

Bedside Assessment of the Patient

Interpretation of Clinical Laboratory Data

Interpreting the Electrocardiogram

Analysis and Monitoring of Gas Exchange

Pulmonary Function Testing

A Review of Thoracic Imaging

Nutrition Assessment

Pulmonary Infections

Obstructive Lung Disease: Copd, Asthma, and Related Diseases

Interstitial Lung Disease

Pleural Diseases

Pulmonary Vascular Disease

Acute Lung Injury, Pulmonary Edema, and Multiple System Organ

Lung Cancer

Neuromuscular and Other Diseases of the Chest Wall

Disorders of Sleep

Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Disorders

Airway Pharmacology

Airway Management

Emergency Cardiovascular Life Support

Humidity and Bland Aerosol Therapy

Aerosol Drug Therapy

Storage and Delivery of Medical Gases

Medical Gas Therapy

Lung Expansion Therapy

Bronchial Hygiene Therapy

Respiratory Failure and the Need for Ventilatory Support

Mechanical Ventilators

Physiology of Ventilatory Support

Initiating and Adjusting Ventilatory Support

Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation

Monitoring and Management of the Patient in the Intensive Care Unit

Discontinuing Ventilatory Support

Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care

Patient Education and Health Promotion

Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation

Respiratory Care in Alternative Settings

Filters

A patient has a P₅₀ value of 29 mm Hg. What does this indicate?

A patient breathing 40% oxygen at sea level has a PaO₂ of 50 mm Hg, a PCO₂ of 30 mm Hg and a PAO₂ -PaO₂ of 250 mm Hg. When the FIO₂ is raised to 0.7, the PaO₂ rises to only 58 mm Hg. Hypoxemia is primarily due to which of the following?

What is the approximate normal level of carbon dioxide production (CO₂) for an adult?

According to the Bohr effect, when the pH drops (blood becomes more acidic), what happens? I .The affinity of Hb for oxygen decreases. II.The Hb saturation for a given PO₂ falls. III.The Hb saturation for a given PO₂ rises.

Given the following blood parameters, compute the total oxygen content (dissolved + HbO₂) of the blood in ml/dl: Hb = 18; PO₂ = 40 mm Hg; SO₂ = 73%.

Which of the following are true regarding the PACO₂? I.directly proportional to whole-body carbon dioxide production II.inversely proportional to alveolar ventilation ( $\dot { V }$ _A) III.normally maintained at about 35 to 45 mm Hg

What is the approximate normal CaO₂ - C $\over{V}$ O₂ in a healthy adult at rest?

What happens when the temperature of the blood rises? i.The Hb saturation for a given PO₂ falls. II.The HbO₂ curve shifts to the right. III.The affinity of Hb for oxygen increases.

What can you assume about a patient who has a $\dot { V }$ / $\dot { Q }$ imbalance and exhibits hypercapnia (PCO₂ greater than 45 mm Hg)?

In which of the following forms is carbon dioxide transported by the blood? I.chemically combined with proteins II.ionized as bicarbonate (HCO₃^-) III.simple physical solution

A patient with a normal PaO₂ and cardiac output is exhibiting signs and symptoms of tissue hypoxia. What is the most likely cause?