Question 1

Which of the following formulas is used to compute the mechanical work of breathing?

Accepted Answer

A) change in pressure/flow 
B) change in pressure * change in flow 
C) change in pressure * change in volume 
D) change in volume/change in pressure 
A) change in pressure/flow 
B) change in pressure * change in flow 
C) change in pressure * change in volume 
D) change in volume/change in pressure

Question 2

Most of the drop in pressure due to frictional resistance to gas flow occurs in what region?

Accepted Answer

A) nose, mouth, and large airways 
B) respiratory bronchioles 
C) terminal bronchioles 
D) terminal respiratory unit 
A) nose, mouth, and large airways 
B) respiratory bronchioles 
C) terminal bronchioles 
D) terminal respiratory unit

Question 3

Why is the total mechanical work of breathing difficult to assess during spontaneous breathing?

Accepted Answer

A) Most volunteer subjects cannot understand the procedure used. 
B) Respiratory muscle activity contributes to inflation resistance. 
C) The respiratory muscles (diaphragm, etc.) must be paralyzed. 
D) The subjects used to make the measurements must be unconscious. 
A) Most volunteer subjects cannot understand the procedure used. 
B) Respiratory muscle activity contributes to inflation resistance. 
C) The respiratory muscles (diaphragm, etc.) must be paralyzed. 
D) The subjects used to make the measurements must be unconscious.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about Raw is true?

Accepted Answer

A) The greater the lung volume, the greater is the Raw. 
B) The greater the lung volume, the less is the Raw. 
C) As lung volume decreases toward RV, the Raw drops. 
D) As lung volume increases toward TLC, the Raw rises. 
A) The greater the lung volume, the greater is the Raw. 
B) The greater the lung volume, the less is the Raw. 
C) As lung volume decreases toward RV, the Raw drops. 
D) As lung volume increases toward TLC, the Raw rises.

Question 5

In normal individuals, approximately what fraction of the VT is wasted ventilation (does not participate in gas exchange)?

Accepted Answer

A)  $1 / 4$ 
B)  $1 / 3$ 
C)  $1 / 2$ 
D)  $2 / 3$ 
A)  $1 / 4$ 
B)  $1 / 3$ 
C)  $1 / 2$ 
D)  $2 / 3$

Question 6

On inspecting a volume-pressure curve for a patient with restrictive lung disease, which of the following abnormalities would you expect to find?
I.decrease in the slope of the volume-pressure curve
II.increase in the area of the volume-pressure curve
III.positive Ppl during exhalation

Accepted Answer

A) II only 
B) I, II, and III 
C) I and II 
D) I and III 
A) II only 
B) I, II, and III 
C) I and II 
D) I and III

Question 7

On inspecting a volume-pressure curve of the lungs and thorax, an increase in the mechanical work of breathing above normal would always be indicated by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) decrease in the area of the volume-pressure curve 
B) decrease in the slope of the volume-pressure curve 
C) increase in the area of the volume-pressure curve 
D) Increase in the slope of the volume-pressure curve 
A) decrease in the area of the volume-pressure curve 
B) decrease in the slope of the volume-pressure curve 
C) increase in the area of the volume-pressure curve 
D) Increase in the slope of the volume-pressure curve

Question 8

Which of the following formulas are used to compute the time constant of a lung unit?

Accepted Answer

A) change in pressure * flow 
B) compliance/resistance 
C) resistance/elastance 
D) resistance * compliance 
A) change in pressure * flow 
B) compliance/resistance 
C) resistance/elastance 
D) resistance * compliance

Question 9

What will happen if the rate of breathing increases without any change in total minute ventilation ( $\dot { V }$ Econstant)?

Accepted Answer

A) The dead space ventilation per minute will decrease. 
B) The $\dot { V }$ A per minute will decrease. 
C) The $\dot { V }$ A per minute will increase. 
D) The $\dot { V }$ A per minute will remain constant. 
A) The dead space ventilation per minute will decrease. 
B) The $\dot { V }$ A per minute will decrease. 
C) The $\dot { V }$ A per minute will increase. 
D) The $\dot { V }$ A per minute will remain constant.

Question 10

Normal lung compliance is approximately which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) 0.01 L/cm H2O 
B) 0.20 L/cm H2O 
C) 2.00 L/cm H2O 
D) 10.00 L/cm H2O 
A) 0.01 L/cm H2O 
B) 0.20 L/cm H2O 
C) 2.00 L/cm H2O 
D) 10.00 L/cm H2O

Question 11

In traditional physical terms, how is work defined?

Accepted Answer

A) force * distance 
B) force * time 
C) mass * acceleration 
D) mass * force 
A) force * distance 
B) force * time 
C) mass * acceleration 
D) mass * force

Question 12

Which of the following factors would tend to increase the frictional component of the work of breathing?
I.decreased compliance of the lungs or thorax
II.high frequencies of breathing
III.increased Raw

Accepted Answer

A) I and II 
B) I, II, and III 
C) I and III 
D) II and III 
A) I and II 
B) I, II, and III 
C) I and III 
D) II and III

Question 13

Which of the following pressure gradients is responsible for the actual flow of gas into and out of the lungs during breathing?

Accepted Answer

A) transcanadian pressure gradient (Ppc - Pks) 
B) transpulmonary pressure gradient (Palv - Ppl) 
C) transrespiratory pressure gradient (Palv - Pao) 
D) transthoracic pressure gradient (Ppl - Pbs) 
A) transcanadian pressure gradient (Ppc - Pks) 
B) transpulmonary pressure gradient (Palv - Ppl) 
C) transrespiratory pressure gradient (Palv - Pao) 
D) transthoracic pressure gradient (Ppl - Pbs)

Question 14

In a normal individual, what is the oxygen cost of breathing as a percentage of the body's total oxygen consumption?

Accepted Answer

A) 5% 
B) 10% 
C) 20% 
D) 35% 
A) 5% 
B) 10% 
C) 20% 
D) 35%

Question 15

What is the effect of surface tension forces in the air-filled lung?
I.It increases the elastic recoil of the lung (promoting collapse).
II.It makes the lung harder to inflate than if it were filled with fluid.
III.It decreases the lung's elasticity as volume increases.

Accepted Answer

A) I and II 
B) II 
C) I and III 
D) I, II, and III 
A) I and II 
B) II 
C) I and III 
D) I, II, and III

Question 16

For carbon dioxide levels to remain constant during exercise, which of the following factors must be elevated?

Accepted Answer

A) alveolar ventilation 
B) dead space ventilation 
C) hemoglobin 
D)  $\dot { V }$ / $\dot { Q }$ ratio 
A) alveolar ventilation 
B) dead space ventilation 
C) hemoglobin 
D)  $\dot { V }$ / $\dot { Q }$ ratio

Question 17

Which of the following pressures vary throughout the normal breathing cycle?
I.alveolar pressure (Palv)
II.body surface pressure (Pbs)
III.mouth pressure (Pao)
IV.pleural pressure (Ppl)

Accepted Answer

A) I, II, III, and IV 
B) II, III, and IV 
C) II and IV 
D) I and IV 
A) I, II, III, and IV 
B) II, III, and IV 
C) II and IV 
D) I and IV

Question 18

What forces must be overcome to move air into the respiratory system?
I.tissue movement
II.elastic forces of lung tissue
III.airway resistance
IV.surface tension forces

Accepted Answer

A) I, II, and III 
B) II and IV 
C) IV only 
D) I, II, III, and IV 
A) I, II, and III 
B) II and IV 
C) IV only 
D) I, II, III, and IV

Question 19

What is the single best indicator of the adequacy or effectiveness of $\dot { V }$ A?

Accepted Answer

A) PaO2 
B) PAO2 
C) PaCO2 
D) VT 
A) PaO2 
B) PAO2 
C) PaCO2 
D) VT

Question 20

In healthy individuals, what may lead to airway collapse?

Accepted Answer

A) increased lung recoil 
B) significantly decreased surfactant 
C) maximal inspiration to TLC 
D) forced exhalation to RV 
A) increased lung recoil 
B) significantly decreased surfactant 
C) maximal inspiration to TLC 
D) forced exhalation to RV

Exam 10: Ventilation

Which of the following formulas is used to compute the mechanical work of breathing?

Most of the drop in pressure due to frictional resistance to gas flow occurs in what region?

Why is the total mechanical work of breathing difficult to assess during spontaneous breathing?

Which of the following statements about Raw is true?

In normal individuals, approximately what fraction of the VT is wasted ventilation (does not participate in gas exchange)?

On inspecting a volume-pressure curve for a patient with restrictive lung disease, which of the following abnormalities would you expect to find? I.decrease in the slope of the volume-pressure curve II.increase in the area of the volume-pressure curve III.positive Ppl during exhalation

On inspecting a volume-pressure curve of the lungs and thorax, an increase in the mechanical work of breathing above normal would always be indicated by which of the following?

Which of the following formulas are used to compute the time constant of a lung unit?

What will happen if the rate of breathing increases without any change in total minute ventilation ( V˙\dot { V }V˙ Econstant)?

Normal lung compliance is approximately which of the following?

In traditional physical terms, how is work defined?

Which of the following factors would tend to increase the frictional component of the work of breathing? I.decreased compliance of the lungs or thorax II.high frequencies of breathing III.increased Raw

Which of the following pressure gradients is responsible for the actual flow of gas into and out of the lungs during breathing?

In a normal individual, what is the oxygen cost of breathing as a percentage of the body's total oxygen consumption?

What is the effect of surface tension forces in the air-filled lung? I.It increases the elastic recoil of the lung (promoting collapse). II.It makes the lung harder to inflate than if it were filled with fluid. III.It decreases the lung's elasticity as volume increases.

For carbon dioxide levels to remain constant during exercise, which of the following factors must be elevated?

Which of the following pressures vary throughout the normal breathing cycle? I.alveolar pressure (Palv) II.body surface pressure (Pbs) III.mouth pressure (Pao) IV.pleural pressure (Ppl)

What forces must be overcome to move air into the respiratory system? I.tissue movement II.elastic forces of lung tissue III.airway resistance IV.surface tension forces

What is the single best indicator of the adequacy or effectiveness of V˙\dot { V }V˙ A?

In healthy individuals, what may lead to airway collapse?

History of Respiratory Care

Quality and Evidence-Based Respiratory Care

Patient Safety, Communication, and Record Keeping

Principles of Infection Control

Ethical and Legal Implications of Practice

Physical Principles of Respiratory Care

Computer Applications in Respiratory Care

The Respiratory System

The Cardiovascular System

Gas Exchange and Transport

Solutions, Body Fluids, and Electrolytes

Acid-Base Balance

Regulation of Breathing

Bedside Assessment of the Patient

Interpretation of Clinical Laboratory Data

Interpreting the Electrocardiogram

Analysis and Monitoring of Gas Exchange

Pulmonary Function Testing

A Review of Thoracic Imaging

Nutrition Assessment

Pulmonary Infections

Obstructive Lung Disease: Copd, Asthma, and Related Diseases

Interstitial Lung Disease

Pleural Diseases

Pulmonary Vascular Disease

Acute Lung Injury, Pulmonary Edema, and Multiple System Organ

Lung Cancer

Neuromuscular and Other Diseases of the Chest Wall

Disorders of Sleep

Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Disorders

Airway Pharmacology

Airway Management

Emergency Cardiovascular Life Support

Humidity and Bland Aerosol Therapy

Aerosol Drug Therapy

Storage and Delivery of Medical Gases

Medical Gas Therapy

Lung Expansion Therapy

Bronchial Hygiene Therapy

Respiratory Failure and the Need for Ventilatory Support

Mechanical Ventilators

Physiology of Ventilatory Support

Initiating and Adjusting Ventilatory Support

Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation

Monitoring and Management of the Patient in the Intensive Care Unit

Discontinuing Ventilatory Support

Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care

Patient Education and Health Promotion

Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation

Respiratory Care in Alternative Settings

Filters

In normal individuals, approximately what fraction of the V_T is wasted ventilation (does not participate in gas exchange)?

On inspecting a volume-pressure curve for a patient with restrictive lung disease, which of the following abnormalities would you expect to find? I.decrease in the slope of the volume-pressure curve II.increase in the area of the volume-pressure curve III.positive P_pl during exhalation

What will happen if the rate of breathing increases without any change in total minute ventilation ( $\dot { V }$ _Econstant)?

Which of the following pressures vary throughout the normal breathing cycle? I.alveolar pressure (P_alv) II.body surface pressure (P_bs) III.mouth pressure (P_ao) IV.pleural pressure (P_pl)

What is the single best indicator of the adequacy or effectiveness of $\dot { V }$ _A?