Question 1

Blood pressure increases when blood vessels constrict and their diameters decrease.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

The movement of the chest during inhalation is the result of the inflated lungs pushing the chest wall outward.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

The concentration of oxygen in normal exhaled air

Accepted Answer

A)  is zero because all the oxygen is transferred to red blood cells and plasma in the lung. 
B)  will be approximately that of the blood plasma;if it were less the oxygen would diffuse from the plasma back into the alveoli. 
C)  will always be the reciprocal of the carbon dioxide concentration. 
D)  is typically a few percent less than the oxygen concentration of the inhaled air. 
A)  is zero because all the oxygen is transferred to red blood cells and plasma in the lung. 
B)  will be approximately that of the blood plasma;if it were less the oxygen would diffuse from the plasma back into the alveoli. 
C)  will always be the reciprocal of the carbon dioxide concentration. 
D)  is typically a few percent less than the oxygen concentration of the inhaled air.

Question 4

Patients with hypertension are encouraged to reduce the amount of salt they consume;in what way is salt consumption and hypertension related?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ingested salt quickly enters the blood plasma and exerts an osmotic effect that leads to an increase in plasma volume and an elevation in blood pressure. 
B)  Salt has an osmotic effect,causing water to leave the plasma and enter the stomach;this thickens the remaining plasma and elevates the blood pressure. 
C)  Salt,in some individuals,mimics the hormone that signals blood vessels to constrict;as they do so the blood is compressed and the blood pressure is elevated. 
D)  As the solute concentration of any solution increases,the viscosity of the solution increases as well;a more viscous blood creates an elevated pressure. 
A)  Ingested salt quickly enters the blood plasma and exerts an osmotic effect that leads to an increase in plasma volume and an elevation in blood pressure. 
B)  Salt has an osmotic effect,causing water to leave the plasma and enter the stomach;this thickens the remaining plasma and elevates the blood pressure. 
C)  Salt,in some individuals,mimics the hormone that signals blood vessels to constrict;as they do so the blood is compressed and the blood pressure is elevated. 
D)  As the solute concentration of any solution increases,the viscosity of the solution increases as well;a more viscous blood creates an elevated pressure.

Question 5

Blood leaving the lungs contains not only oxygen bound to hemoglobin but also oxygen dissolved in the blood plasma and the cytoplasm of the red blood cell.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

The genetic disorder sickle-cell anemia develops because the hemoglobin molecule is deformed.Afflicted individuals often suffer muscle pain,even at low levels of exertion.A reasonable hypothesis for the symptoms is that the deformed hemoglobin

Accepted Answer

A)  is unable to carry the amount of oxygen required for normal muscle activity. 
B)  cannot diffuse across the red blood cell membranes to the blood plasma,causing an oxygen shortage. 
C)  causes damage to muscle proteins as it diffuses into the muscle cell. 
D)  damages the alveolar surfaces and decreases the total surface area available for gas exchange. 
A)  is unable to carry the amount of oxygen required for normal muscle activity. 
B)  cannot diffuse across the red blood cell membranes to the blood plasma,causing an oxygen shortage. 
C)  causes damage to muscle proteins as it diffuses into the muscle cell. 
D)  damages the alveolar surfaces and decreases the total surface area available for gas exchange.

Question 7

The process of inhalation requires more energy than the process of exhalation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Carbon dioxide

Accepted Answer

A)  is carried by carboxy-carotenoid,the other gas pigment in the blood. 
B)  is converted to the highly soluble bicarbonate ion and dissolves in the plasma for its journey to the lung. 
C)  moves from regions of cellular respiration to the alveoli dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells. 
D)  attaches to hemoglobin and causes structural changes that strengthen the oxygen binding,ensuring that more oxygen is collected when the metabolic level is high. 
A)  is carried by carboxy-carotenoid,the other gas pigment in the blood. 
B)  is converted to the highly soluble bicarbonate ion and dissolves in the plasma for its journey to the lung. 
C)  moves from regions of cellular respiration to the alveoli dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells. 
D)  attaches to hemoglobin and causes structural changes that strengthen the oxygen binding,ensuring that more oxygen is collected when the metabolic level is high.

Question 9

The energy required to pump the blood through the systemic circuit is provided by the force generated when the ________ contracts.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The energy required to pump the blood...

Question 10

Which of the following describes the journey of a molecule of oxygen from the atmosphere to an alveolus?

Accepted Answer

A)  nasal cavity $\rarr$ pharynx $\rarr$ larynx $\rarr$ trachea $\rarr$ bronchus $\rarr$ bronchiole $\rarr$ alveolus 
B)  nasal cavity $\rarr$ larynx $\rarr$ pharynx $\rarr$ trachea $\rarr$ bronchus $\rarr$ bronchiole $\rarr$ alveolus 
C)  nasal cavity $\rarr$ pharynx $\rarr$ larynx $\rarr$ trachea $\rarr$ bronchiole $\rarr$ bronchus $\rarr$ alveolus 
D)  nasal cavity $\rarr$ trachea $\rarr$ pharynx $\rarr$ larynx $\rarr$ bronchiole $\rarr$ bronchus $\rarr$ alveolus 
A)  nasal cavity $\rarr$ pharynx $\rarr$ larynx $\rarr$ trachea $\rarr$ bronchus $\rarr$ bronchiole $\rarr$ alveolus 
B)  nasal cavity $\rarr$ larynx $\rarr$ pharynx $\rarr$ trachea $\rarr$ bronchus $\rarr$ bronchiole $\rarr$ alveolus 
C)  nasal cavity $\rarr$ pharynx $\rarr$ larynx $\rarr$ trachea $\rarr$ bronchiole $\rarr$ bronchus $\rarr$ alveolus 
D)  nasal cavity $\rarr$ trachea $\rarr$ pharynx $\rarr$ larynx $\rarr$ bronchiole $\rarr$ bronchus $\rarr$ alveolus

Question 11

Whether sleeping or exercising,the rate of gas exchange is precisely matched to the body's immediate respiratory needs;gas exchange during exercise,for example,increases because

Accepted Answer

A)  when muscle contracts,the adjacent capillaries are compressed,forcing the gases out and into the surrounding tissues. 
B)  active cells are warmer than resting cells. 
C)  the rate of diffusion is proportional to the gas concentration gradients that are high during exercise and low during rest. 
D)  the elevated blood pressures during activity expands the capillaries,which increases the surface area available for gas exchange. 
A)  when muscle contracts,the adjacent capillaries are compressed,forcing the gases out and into the surrounding tissues. 
B)  active cells are warmer than resting cells. 
C)  the rate of diffusion is proportional to the gas concentration gradients that are high during exercise and low during rest. 
D)  the elevated blood pressures during activity expands the capillaries,which increases the surface area available for gas exchange.

Question 12

Many older individuals feel faint from low blood flow to the brain if they stand up too quickly after lying down.What is the most reasonable explanation for how this problem develops?

Accepted Answer

A)  The heart rate fails to increase quickly enough to provide the extra pressure needed to push the blood against gravity. 
B)  The muscles in the arteries and arterioles are relaxed and fail to constrict quickly enough to maintain the appropriate blood pressure. 
C)  The respiratory rate fails to increase quickly enough to provide the extra oxygen needed. 
D)  The bloodstream fails to release new red blood cells quickly enough to handle the extra demands. 
A)  The heart rate fails to increase quickly enough to provide the extra pressure needed to push the blood against gravity. 
B)  The muscles in the arteries and arterioles are relaxed and fail to constrict quickly enough to maintain the appropriate blood pressure. 
C)  The respiratory rate fails to increase quickly enough to provide the extra oxygen needed. 
D)  The bloodstream fails to release new red blood cells quickly enough to handle the extra demands.

Question 13

There are actually two gas exchange events: one occurs in the lung and the other occurs when the blood is in a capillary surrounded by active cells.Which statement best summarizes this second exchange?

Accepted Answer

A)  Oxygen diffuses out of the alveoli while carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli. 
B)  Oxygen diffuses into the blood plasma while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood plasma. 
C)  Oxygen diffuses into the alveoli while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the alveoli. 
D)  Oxygen diffuses out of the blood plasma while carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood plasma. 
A)  Oxygen diffuses out of the alveoli while carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli. 
B)  Oxygen diffuses into the blood plasma while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood plasma. 
C)  Oxygen diffuses into the alveoli while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the alveoli. 
D)  Oxygen diffuses out of the blood plasma while carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood plasma.

Question 14

The term respiration is used in several contexts;when combined with cellular it refers to the consumption of oxygen,the generation of carbon dioxide,and the synthesis of ATP that occurs in the ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The term respiration is used in several...

Question 15

The cell fragments circulating in blood that can clump together and block blood flow at sites of injury are called ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The cell fragments circulating in blood that...

Question 16

Human blood appears red because its most abundant cells contain the red pigment ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Human blood appears red because its most...

Question 17

An irritated pharynx could be caused by sinus drainage.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 28: Circulation and Gas Exchange

Blood pressure increases when blood vessels constrict and their diameters decrease.

The movement of the chest during inhalation is the result of the inflated lungs pushing the chest wall outward.

The concentration of oxygen in normal exhaled air

Patients with hypertension are encouraged to reduce the amount of salt they consume;in what way is salt consumption and hypertension related?

Blood leaving the lungs contains not only oxygen bound to hemoglobin but also oxygen dissolved in the blood plasma and the cytoplasm of the red blood cell.

The genetic disorder sickle-cell anemia develops because the hemoglobin molecule is deformed.Afflicted individuals often suffer muscle pain,even at low levels of exertion.A reasonable hypothesis for the symptoms is that the deformed hemoglobin

The process of inhalation requires more energy than the process of exhalation.

Carbon dioxide

The energy required to pump the blood through the systemic circuit is provided by the force generated when the ________ contracts.

Which of the following describes the journey of a molecule of oxygen from the atmosphere to an alveolus?

Whether sleeping or exercising,the rate of gas exchange is precisely matched to the body's immediate respiratory needs;gas exchange during exercise,for example,increases because

Many older individuals feel faint from low blood flow to the brain if they stand up too quickly after lying down.What is the most reasonable explanation for how this problem develops?

There are actually two gas exchange events: one occurs in the lung and the other occurs when the blood is in a capillary surrounded by active cells.Which statement best summarizes this second exchange?

The term respiration is used in several contexts;when combined with cellular it refers to the consumption of oxygen,the generation of carbon dioxide,and the synthesis of ATP that occurs in the ________.

The cell fragments circulating in blood that can clump together and block blood flow at sites of injury are called ________.

Human blood appears red because its most abundant cells contain the red pigment ________.

An irritated pharynx could be caused by sinus drainage.

The Nature of Science and the Characteristics of Life

The Chemistry of Life

Cell Structure and Internal Compartments

Cell Membranes, Transport, and Communication

Energy, Metabolism, and Enzymes

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Cell Division

Cancer and Human Health

Patterns of Inheritance

Chromosomes and Human Genetics

DNA and Genes

From Gene to Protein

DNA Technology

How Evolution Works

The Origin of Species

The Evolution of Biodiversity

Biological Diversity, Bacteria, and Archaea

Protista, Plantae, and Fungi

Animalia

The Biosphere

Growth of Populations

Animal Behavior

Ecological Communities

Ecosystems

Global Change

Internal Organization and Homeostasis

Nutrition and Digestion

Animal Hormones

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Skeletons,Muscles,and Movement

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Plant Structure, Nutrition, and Transport

Plant Growth and Reproduction

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